1. Airframe Forces Calc - The Airframe Forces Calculator computes basic forces, weights and speeds associated with forces exerted on an aircraft.  

2. Astrodynamics Collection - Astrodynamics combines Newtonian physics of celestial mechanics, orbital mechanics, and ballistics into a science which can be applied to satellites, rockets, and spacecraft.

3. Lift Equation Calc - The Lift Equation Calculator features the lift equation solved for each of its component.  The force of lift equation is:

4. Orbitology Calculator - This calculator contains equations for computing various constants and characteristics of a satellites orbit. Most of these formula are based on a standard Keplarian elliptical orbit.

5. Quaternion Calculator - Quaternion Calculators

6. Vector Calculator (3D) - The Vector Calculator (3D) computes vector functions (e.g. V • U and V x U) in three dimensional (3D) space.  

1. Angle of Satellite Visibility - The Angle of Satellite Visibility calculator computes the angular extent of visibility when an observer can see a satellite based on the altitude (h) of the satellite.

2. Circular Orbit Velocity using r only - The Circular Orbit Velocity using Radius calculator compute the approximate orbit velocity based on the radius of the orbit.

3. Circular Orbit Velocity using R_E - This equation computes the velocity, V_cs for a satellite in a circular orbit given the orbit radius, r.

4. Circular Orbit Velocity using μ - This equation computes the escape velocity, V_cs for a satellite in a circular orbit given the orbit radius, r.

5. Correction Angle - The Flight Navigation Correction Angle calculator computes the navigation angle/azimuth correction angle (Δ) using the wind speed (WS), wind direction (β), Flight Heading (α) and an Air Speed (AS). 

6. Distance to Sea Level Horizon - The Distance to the Sea Horizon at Altitude calculator computes the distance to the horizon from a specified height using a spherical model the mean spherical radius of the Earth.

7. Drag Force - The Force of Drag equation, F_drag= ½⋅(ρ⋅A⋅Cd⋅v²) , calculates the resisting force of drag on an object flowing through a medium (e.g. air).

8. Dynamic Pressure - Dynamic Pressure

9. Force of Drag - The Force of Drag equation, F_drag= ½⋅(ρ⋅A⋅Cd⋅v²)calculates the resisting force of drag on an object flowing through a medium (e.g. air).

10. Force of Lift - The Lifting Force  calculator computes the lifting force on the surface area of a wing based on the following inputs:

11. Force Unit Conversion - This Force Unit Conversion calculator converts an amount of force from one set of units to another such as newtons, dynes, and pounds force.

12. Glide Ratio - The Glide Ratio calculator computes the glide ratio based on the change in forward distance and the change in altitude.

13. Graveyard Orbit - A Graveyard Orbit (Junk Orbit, Disposal Orbit) is an orbit that lies significantly away from common operational orbits, where spacecraft can be placed at the end of their operational life. Most commonly, it refers to a supersynchronous orbit that lies significantly above synchronous orbit. Satellites are moved into such orbits to reduce the probability of colliding with operational spacecraft or generating space debris. A spacecraft moved to a graveyard orbit will typically be passivated.

14. Grazing Angle (Earth) - The Grazing Angle calculator computes the angle (ψ) above the Earths horizon to an object.

15. Ground Speed - The Aircraft Ground Speed calculator computes the ground speed based on the wind speed (WS), wind direction (β), a Flight Heading (α) and an Air Speed (AS).

16. Haversine - Distance - The Haversine calculator computes the distance between two points on a spherical model of the Earth along a great circle arc.  If you prefer to enter the Haversine calculator in Degrees, Minutes and Seconds, {{equation,8c00d747-2b9a-11ec-993a-bc764e203090,CLICK HERE}}.

17. Hydrostatic Equation (dry air approximation) - The Change in Pressure in Dry Air calculator uses the hydrostatic equation, the density of dry air, the acceleration due to gravity and the change in height to estimate the change in pressure.

18. Lift Coefficient - The Lift Coefficient calculator rearranges the Force of Lift equation (L = ½•A•ρ•C_L•V²) to compute the lift coefficient of a wing based on measurable components.

19. Orbit Period of Circular Orbit - This vCalc equation computes the orbit period, P, of a satellite in a circular orbit at input altitude, H. You select the distance units for H. The orbit period P is defined in units of time, which you can also select.

20. Slant Range - The Slant Range function computes the slant range from a ground station to an object (satellite or aircraft) based on the station and object altitudes and the elevation angle.

21. Slant Range (Β) - The Slant Range from Subtended Anglecalculator computes the slant range (R) from a ground station to an object (satellite or aircraft) based on the station and object altitudes and the subtended angle (β).

22. Stokes Law (drag force) - Stokes Law (drag force) computes the force of drag based on the dynamic viscosity (μ) of the fluid (e.g. water or air), the radius of the spherical object (R), and the velocity (V). - The results are the force in Newtons.

23. TLE Checksum - This TLE Checksum equation computes the checksum of a line (a card) of the Two Line Element set (TLE), allowing you to verify the checksum.

24. Travel Time between Coordinates - The Haversine Travel Time between Coordinates calculator computes the time to travel between to points on the globe in a great circle arc at an average velocity. 

25. Velocity Needed for Takeoff - The Velocity Needed for Takeoff calculator computes the velocity required to create more lift than the weight of an aircraft or watercraft using a wing (e.g. hydrofoil).

26. Velocity Through Air - The Velocity Through Air calculator computes the air speed of an aircraft based on the static local atmospheric pressure (P_S), the total pressure (P_T) and the density of air (ρ).

27. Velocity Unit Conversion - The Velocity Unit Conversion function converts a velocity from one set of units to other imperial and metric velocity units such as meters per second, miles per hour, feet per minute, inches per second, mach, knots, and μltiples of the speed of light (c).

28. Wind Corrected Azimuth - This equation computes the wind-corrected flight azimuth that is required to follow the ground path to an aircrafts flight destination.

29. Wing Air Velocity - The Wing Air Velocity calculator computes the velocity from the lift formula (see below).

30. Wing Surface Area - The Wing Surface Area  calculator computes the wing surface area from the lifting force equation (see below).

1. Apsis - An apsis is a point in an orbit where the orbiting object is closest to or farthest from the body it is orbiting. The Apsis calculator has the following functions:

2. Astronomy and Aerospace Units - Astronomical Units

3. Astronomy Calculator - The Astronomy Calculator includes functions that are useful for studying astronomy. Formulae are organized in different tabs to the right as follows:

4. Exoplanet Calculator - The Exoplanet Calculator includes functions that are useful related to the study of planets outside of our solar-system (exoplanets). It also includes some functions generally useful for astronomy, since thats usually the discipline involved in studying exoplanets in the first place.

5. Lens Maker's Equation Calculator - The Lens Makers  Calculator uses the Lens Maker Equation^{footnote₁>1} to calculate the focal length of a thin lens in air (or some other medium).   The Lens Makers Equation assumes thin lenses; it ignores the width of the lens and assumes that the light immediately goes from one side to the other.  This, of course, isnt what actually happens, but its a reasonable assumption in certain situations, such as very thin lenses.

6. Planet Building Calculator - This set of algorithms is for people interested in "designing" planets for science fiction settings, or who are simply interested in the science behind the search for exoplanets and extraterrestrial life.  

7. Small Angle Formula Collection - The Small Angle Formula calculator has three forms of the Small Angle Formula or Approximation.

1. Absorbance - In spectroscopy, absorbance (also called optical density) is the logarithmic ratio of radiation falling upon a material, to the radiation transmitted through the material. In physics, this means the fraction of radiation absorbed at a specific wavelength.

2. Acceleration Due to Gravity - The Acceleration Due to Gravity calculator computes the acceleration due to gravity (g) based on the mass of the body (m), the radius of the body (R) and the Universal Gravitational Constant (G) .

3. Age of Universe (estimated) - This vCalc equation provides the estimated age of the universe, along with the upper and lower bounds of error in that estimate.

4. Angle from Size and Distance - The Astronomical Angle Subtended (SAF) calculator uses the small angle formula (SAF) to compute the angle subtended (α) of astronomical observations based on the size of the object or separation between objects (S) and the distance (D) 

5. Angular Frequency from Period - The Angular Frequency calculator computes an angular frequency (?) based on an input period of rotation, T.

6. Apsis-Apocenter (maximum distance) - The Apsis-Apocenter Maximum Distance calculator computes the maximum distance from the center of gravity in an orbit at apogee based on the semi-major axis (a) and eccentricity (e).

7. Apsis-Apocenter (minimum speed) - The Apsis-Apocenter Minimum Speed calculator computes the minimum speed in an orbit at apogee based on the semi-major axis (a), eccentricity (e), the mass of the primary body (M), and the Universal Gravitational Constant (G).

8. Astro Distances - This Astronomical Distance computes the distances from the Earth to the selected astronomical objects.  For objects in our solar system, it assumes the shortest distances when the object are at the closest parts of their orbits.

9. Astro Travel Time - The Astro Travel Time calculator computes how long it would take to travel from the Earth to different places in space at various speeds.  The speed include real and theoretical (Warp Speeds). 

10. Astronomical Albedo - The Astronomical Albedo calculator computes the astronomical albedo from the absolute magnitude of the object and the diameter.

11. Astronomical Distance Conversions - The Astronomical Distance Conversion calculator converts a measurement of distance into a list of equivalent distances in commonly used astronomical units.

12. Back Hole Event Horizon - The Black Hole Event Horizon calculator computes the distance from the center of the black hole to the event horizon based on the mass of the black hole using the escape velocity equation.

13. Barycenter Offset - The Barycenter Offset calculator computes the distance from the center of the primary body to the barycenter (+) of the two body system.

14. Black Hole Mass - The Mass of a Black Hole calculator computes the estimated mass based on the radius of the event horizon.

15. Blackbody Temperature from peak wavelength - The Temperature of a Black body calculator computes the temperature (T) of a black body based on the wavelength (λ) of its strongest regular emissions. 

16. Blackbody wavelength from Temperature - The Wavelength of a Black Body calculator compute the wavelength of the strongest emissions from a black body based on its temperature.

17. Difference in magnitudes from Flux Ratio - The Difference in Magnitudes from Flux Ratio calculator computes the difference in magnitude (Dm) based on the Flux Ratio (r).  Two objects have differing intensities as measured by an observer. The ratio of the measured intensities (or "fluxes") is given as "r". These two objects have different astronomical "magnitudes". The difference in their magnitudes is given by this formula.

18. Distance at Impulse Speed - The Distance at Impulse Speed calculator translates Impulse Speed into common velocity units such as miles per hour.  This calculation is based on the fictional series Star Trek. 

19. Distance from Size and Angle - The Astronomical Distance (SAF) calculator uses the small angle formula (SAF) to compute the distance to an astronomical body based on the size of the object or separation between two objects (S) and the angle subtended (α).

20. Distance Light Traveled - The Distance Light Traveled calculator computes the distance (D) based on the duration of travel (t) and the Speed of Light .

21. Drake Equation (original) - The Drake Equation calculator estimates the νmber of active extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy that can be detected by radio telescopes from Earth.

22. Escape Velocity - The Escape Velocity calculator computes the escape velocity at some radius (R) distance from a massive body (M) using the universal gravitational constant (G).

23. Escape Velocity (Using Density) - The Escape Velocity Using Density calculator computes the escape velocity from a body (v) based on the distance from the center of mass (R) and the density of the body (ρ).

24. Flux Ratio - The Flux Ratio calculator computes the ratio of the intensity of light coming from two celestial objects.

25. Flux Ratio from Magnitudes - The Flux Ratio from Magnitudes calculator computes the ratio of the intensity of light coming from two celestial objects based on their magnitudes (m₁ and m₂).

26. Force of Gravity - The Force of Gravity calculator computes the gravitational force between two masses (m₁ and m₂) separated by a specified distance (R).

27. Force of Suns gravity on planets - The Force of Suns Gravity on Planets calculator uses the force of gravity equation to compute the gravitational force between the sun and your selection of a planet. 

28. Friedman Equation - The Friedman Equation calculator estimates the νmber of advanced galactic nomad civilizations comprised of both life as we know it and life as we do not know it in the observable universe.
Michael L. Friedman, M.D. (born 21 July, 1977) is an American physician and scientist.   He is a cardiologist and interventional cardiologist for the Mount Sinai Health System Icahn School of Medicine in New York.

29. Galaxy Recession Velocity - The Galaxy Recession Velocity calculator computes the velocity of a galaxy away from Earth based on the redshift and the speed of light. 

30. Geosynchronous Orbit - The Geosynchronous Orbit calculator computes the semi-major axis of a geosynchronous orbit based on the peiod.

31. Goldilocks Zone - The Goldilocks Zone calculator returns the orbital range around a star where habitable life, as we know it, is possible.  

32. Gravity Radius - The Gravitational Radius calculator computes the distance between two masses based on the [[force of gravity>>url:https://www.vcalc.com/wiki/Force%20of%20Gravity]] and the Universal Gravitational Constant.

33. Gregorian Calendar to Julian Day Νmber (JDN) - This equation gives you the Julian Day when you input a Gregorian (standard modern calendar date).

34. Hill Sphere Radius - The Hill Sphere Radius calculator computes the radius from a planet where an object is no longer under the dominant influence of the gravity of the planet but is now under the dominant influence of the gravity of the star.

35. Hubble Constant - The Hubble Constant calculator computes the Hubble Constant based on the mean density of matter in the universe and Einsteins Constant.

36. Hubble Law - The Hubbles Law calculator computes the recessional velocity of a galaxy (v) based on the Hubble Constant (H) and the distance to the galaxy (d).

37. Hubble Time - Hubble Time is simply the reciprocal of the Hubble Parameter expressed in time units.

38. Index of Refraction of a Lens - The Index of Refraction of a Lens calculator  computes the index of refraction of a lens (n_lens) based on its geometry and surroundings.

39. Index of Refraction of a Material Surrounding a Lens - The Index of Refraction of a Material Surrounding a Lens calculator computes the index of refraction of a lens (n_medium) based on its geometry and surroundings.

40. J2 Perturbation Acceleration - The J₂ Perturbation Acceleration equation computes the three component forces in three Cartesian coordinates as they affect an Earth Satellite. This acceleration is expressed in the Earth Centered Inertial (ECI) coordinate direction hatI, hatJ, hatK.

41. K3L-Mass from Period and Separation - The Mass from Period and Separation calculator uses Keplers 3^rd law to compute the mass of a system (M) based on the distance (R) between astronomical bodies (e.g. a star and exoplanet) and the orbital period (T).

42. Kilo-Light-Years to Mega-Parsecs - The Kilo-Light-Years to Mega-Parsecs calculator converts a measurement of length in kilo-lightyears to mega-parsecs.

43. Kilometer to Light-years - The Kilometers to Light-years calculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to light-years.

44. Kilometers to Kilo-light-years - The Kilometers to Kilo-light-years calculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to kilo-light-years.

45. Kilometers to Light-days - The Kilometers to Light-Day calculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to light-days.

46. Kilometers to Light-hours - The Kilometers to Light-Hour calculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to light-hours.

47. Kilometers to Light-minutes - The Kilometers to Light-Minutes calculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to light-minutes.

48. Kilometers to Light-seconds - The Kilometers to Light-Seconds calculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to light-seconds.

49. Kilometers to Mega-parsecs - The Kilometers to Mega-Parsecs calculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to mega-parsecs.

50. Kilometers to Parsecs - The Kilometers to Parsecscalculator converts a measurement of length in kilometers to parsecs.

51. Konecny Station Parameters - The Konecny Station Parameters calculator computes the physical parameters associated with a Konecny Space Station that orbits a planet.

52. Lagrange Points L1 and L2 - The Lagrange Points (L1 and L2) calculator computes the approximate radius (r) from a smaller mass (M₂) to the first two Lagrange Points.

53. Lens Makers Equation (solved for f) - The Focal Length of a Lens calculator  computes the focal length of a lens (f) based on its geometry and material index of the lens and surrounding material.

54. Light-seconds to Kilometers - The Light-Seconds to Kilometers calculator converts a measurement of length in light-seconds to kilometers.

55. Light-years to Kilometers - The Light-years to Kilometers calculator converts a measurement of length in light-years to kilometers and other units.

56. Lorentz factor - The Lorentz factor calculator computes the time dilation (γ) measured with an atomic clock at low speeds.

57. Luminosity from Mass - The Luminosity from Mass calculator approximates the luminosity of a star based on its mass.

58. Luminosity from Stellar Radius and Surface Temp - The Luminosity from Stellar Radius and Surface Temperature calculator approximates the luminosity of a star based its size and surface temperature and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.

59. lux - to - vMag - The Illuminance to Apparent Magnitude calculator computes the apparent magnitude based on the illuminance.

60. Magnification of a Telescope - The Magnification of a Telescope calculator compute the magnification of a telescope based on the focal lengths of the primary mirror or lens and the eyepiece.

61. Malus Law - The Malus Law calculator computes the intensity of light based on the initial intensity and the angle between the lights initial polarization direction and the axis of the polarizer.

62. Martian Weight - The Weight on the Mars calculator computes net force of gravity on a mass based on the acceleration due to gravity (g = 3.71 m/s²) on Mars.

63. Mass from Acceleration and Radius - The Planets Mass from Acceleration and Radius calculator computes the mass of planet or moon based on the radius (r), acceleration due to gravity on the surface (a) and the universal gravitational constant (G).

64. Mass from Luminosity - The Mass from Luminosity calculator approximates the mass of a star based on its luminosity.

65. Mass from Speed and Separation - The Mass from Speed and Separation calculator computes the mass of the object (e.g., star or planet) based on the orbital speed of its satellite, and the separation (R) and the universal gravity constant (G).

66. mass of extra-solar planet from M, r and R - The  Mass of an Extra-solar Planet calculator computes the mass of a planet based on the mass of the star (M), the distance to the star (R) and the distance to the planet (r).

67. mass of extra-solar-planet from M, v and V - The Mass of an Extra-Solar Planet calculator computes the mass of a planet based on the mass of the star (M) and the velocity of the star (V) and the velocity of the planet (v).

68. Modified Julian Day (MJD) - This equation gives you the Modified Julian Day (MJD) when you input a Gregorian (standard modern calendar date).

69. Orbit velocity - Orbital velocity is the velocity given to the body to keep it in orbit. This velocity is usually given to the artificial satellite so that it revolves round any particular planet of mass (M) at a distance from the planet center of R. The formula is given by:

70. Orbital Period from Mass and Separation - The Orbital Period from Mass and Separation calculator uses Keplers 3^rd law to compute the orbital period (T) of a system based on the distance (R) between astronomical bodies (e.g. a star and exoplanet) and the mass of the system (M).

71. Orbital Radius from Speed and Period - The Orbital Radius from Speed and Period calculator computes the orbital radius based on the speed and period.

72. Photon energy - The Energy of a Photon calculator computes the energy of a photon based on the wavelength (λ), Planks Constant (h), and the speed of light (c)

73. Photon Energy from Wavelength - The Photon Energy from Wavelength calculator compute the energy of a photon based on Plancks constant (h), the speed of light (c) and the wavelength of the photon ( λ).

74. Photon Wavelength from Energy - The Photon Wavelength from Energy calculator compute the wavelength ( λ) of a photon based on Plancks constant (h), the speed of light (c) and the energy of the photon ( E).

75. Planetary Temperature - The Planetary Temperature calculator estimates the temperature of a planet, either in our own solar system or an exoplanet (a planet circling another star); its meant to help people interested in writing science fiction to design more realistic planets, or for anyone whos interested in exoplanet searches and the search for extraterrestrial life.  The algorithm includes a simple model to include the effects of Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. 

76. Potential Energy of Gravity - The Potential Energy of Gravity calculator computes the potential energy in a two mass (m₁ and m₂) system separated by a specified distance (r) from the center of masses. It is typically used when calculating the Potential Energy of Gravity due to celestial bodies.

77. Radial Acceleration (R,T) - The Orbital Radial Acceleration calculator computes the radial or centripetal acceleration (a_rad) of an orbiting body given the period (T)  and the radius (R). 

78. Radius of Curvature of a Lens away from Light Source - The Radius of Curvature of a Lens away from Light Source calculator  computes the radius of curvature (r₂) based on its geometry and material index of the lens and surrounding material.

79. Radius of Curvature of a Lens toward Light Source - The Radius of Curvature of a Lens toward Light Source calculator  computes the radius of curvature (r₁) based on its geometry and material index of the lens and surrounding material.

80. Redshift - The Redshift calculator computes the astronomical redshift (z) based on the resting and observed wavelength of light.

81. Reduced Julian Day (RJD) - This equation gives you the Reduced Julian Day (RJD) when you input a Gregorian (standard modern calendar date).

82. Relative Luminosity from relative size and temperature - The Relative Luminosity from Relative Size and Temperature calculator computes the relative luminosity based on the relative size and the relative temperature.

83. Relative Size from Relative Temperature and Luminosity - The Relative Size of a Star based on Relative Temperature and Luminosity calculator compute the relative size of a star based on the relative temperature and relative luminosity.

84. Relative Temperature from Relative size and luminosity - The Relative Temperature from Relative Size and Luminosity calculator returns the relative temperature based on the relative size and relative luminosity.

85. Resolving Power of a Telescope - The Resolving Power of a Telescope calculator computes the angular distance between two stars on the limit of visibility for a telescope.

86. Sakuma-Hattori equation - The Sakuma–Hattori Equation calculator predicts the amount of thermal radiation, radiometric flux or power emitted from a blackbody based on a scalar coefficient, Second Radiation Constant, temperature dependent wavelength and the temperature.

87. Schwarzschild Radius - The Schwarzschild Radius calculator computes the Schwarzschild Radius based on the mass (M) of the object (e.g. black hole), the speed of light and the universal gravity constant.

88. Seager Equation - The Seager Equation calculator estimates the νmber of habitable planets in a set of stars based on a νmber of  astronomical factors.

89. Size from Distance and Angle - The Astronomical Size (SAF) calculator uses the small angle formula (SAF) to compute the size of an astronomical body based on the distance to the object (D) and the angle subtended (α).

90. Solar Mass Equivalent - The Solar Mass Equivalent calculator converts any mass to its equivalent mass to some νmber of solar masses.

91. Space Travel Time - The Space Travel Time calculator computes how long it would take to travel a user specified distance in space at various speeds.  The speed include real and theoretical (Warp Speeds). 

92. Speed from Light Wavelength Shift - The Speed from Light Wavelength Shift calculator computes the relative speed of an object based on the shift in wavelength of the observed emitted light verses the normal (not shifted) wavelength of light emitted.

93. Speed of Circular Motion - The Speed of Circular Motion calculator computes the speed (s) of a particle or point in uniform circular motion based on the radius (r) of the orbit and the period of rotation, T.

94. Sphere - Density - The Density of a Sphere calculator computes the density a sphere (ρ) based on the radius (r) of the sphere and the mass (M).

95. Sphere - Radius from Volume - The Radius of a Sphere from the Volume calculator computes the radius (r) based on the volume of a sphere (V).

96. Sphere - Volume - The Volume of a Sphere calculator computes the volume of a sphere (V) based on the radius of the sphere (r).

97. Sphere Volume from Mass and Density - The Volume of a Sphere from Mass and Density calculator computes the volume of a sphere based on the mass and density.

98. Standard Gravitational Parameter - The Standard Gravitational Parameter calculator computes the Standard Gravitational Parameter for a body based on the mass of the body (M) and the Universal Gravity Constant (G).

99. Stellar Distance from Absolute and Apparent Magnitude - The Stellar Distance Based on Magnitude calculator computes the approximate distance to a star based on the apparent magnitude of the star (m) and the absolute magnitude of the star (M).

100. Stephan-Boltzmann Law - The Stephan-Boltzman Law calculator computes power radiated from a black body based on the bodys thermodynamic temperature (T).

101. True Anomaly, ν[E] - The True Anomaly calculator computes the True Anomaly (ν) of an orbit from the inputs:

102. Truncated Julian Day (TJD) - This equation gives you the Truncated Julian Day (TJD) when you input a Gregorian (standard modern calendar date).

103. Unix Time (seconds) - This equation gives you the Unix Time in seconds when you input a Gregorian (standard modern calendar date). Note this converts a date you in put as Day, Month, Year into the νmber of seconds after the Unix Time epoch that corresponds to Midnight that start that the input date.

104. vMag - to - lux - This equation computes the illuminance (E_v) in units of lux (lx) from the input apparent magnitude.

105. Warp Speed - The Warp Speed calculator translates Warp Speed into common velocity units such as miles per hour.  

106. Wavelength of Light - The Wavelength of Light equation is used to calculate the wavelength of light in a particular medium using the frequency and speed of light where:

107. Wavelength shift from speed and wavelength - The Wavelength Shift calculator computes the shift in the wavelength of light (Δλ) based on the relative velocity (V) and the nominal wavelength of the light source (λ)

1. (μD) Sun - The Mean Density of the Sun is 1410.0 kg/m³. 

2. 10 parsecs - A 10 Parsecs is the distance used to compute the absolute magnitude of stars.  The absolute magnitude is used to approximate the distance to the star based on apparent and absolute magnitude. 

3. 9.8 m/s^2 - 9.8 m/s² is a common approximation of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth.   It is often used in classroom settings and other forums where precision is unnecessary.  

4. Acceleration due to Gravity on Neptune - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Neptune g_(Neptune) is 11.15 m/s².   The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

5. Age of Universe (estimate) - The Universe we live in is estimated to be 13.799 Billion years old: {{constant_solver constantPage=MichaelBartmess.Age of Universe (estimate)/}}.

6. astronimical unit (m) - This mean distance of the Earth to the center of the sun (AU) in meters.

7. astronomical unit (km) - A Astronomical Unit (au) is the mean distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the sun.  This distance is 149,597,870 km which is one astronomical unit.

8. astronomicalUnits per lightyear

9. Density of the Universe - This equation provides an estimate of the mass desnity of the observable universe.

10. Earth orbit inclination to invariable plane - In the Solar System, the inclination of the orbit of a planet is defined as the angle between the plane of the orbit of the planet and the ecliptic — which is the plane containing Earths orbital path. It could be measured with respect to another plane, such as the Jupiters orbital plane.

11. Gravity of Earth - The Acceleration due to Earth Gravity (g_(Earth)) constant is 9.80665 m/s^2.  This is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth at sea level.   This is also known as Standard Gravity. The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

12. Gravity of Jupiter - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Jupiter (g_Jupiter) is 24.79 m/s².  The default units are meters per second but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu.

13. Gravity of Mars - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Mars g_(Mars) is 3.71 m/s².  The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

14. Gravity of Mercury - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Mercury (g_Mercury) is 3.7 m/s² .   The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

15. Gravity of Pluto - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Pluto g_(Pluto) is 0.62 m/s².  The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

16. Gravity of Saturn - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Saturn g_(Saturn) is 10.44 m/s².  The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

17. Gravity of the Moon - g_(moon) (1.62 m/s²⁾ is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon.  The default units are meters per second but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu.

18. Gravity of the Sun - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on the Sun (g_Sun) is 274 m/s².  This is the acceleration due to gravity on the visible surface of the Sun (our star).   The default units are meters per second but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu.

19. Gravity of Uranus - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Uranus g_(Uranus) is 8.87 m/s².  The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

20. Gravity of Venus - The Acceleration Due to Gravity on Venus g_(Venus) is 8.87 m/s².  This is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the planet Venus.   The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

21. Gravity of Vesta - g_(Vesta) (0.3 m/s²⁾ is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the asteroid Vesta.   The default units are meters per seconds squared but can be changed on the fly via the pull-down menu to feet per seconds squared and other acceleration units.

22. Hubble Constant - Hubble Constant: 70.8 km/s per mega-parsec.

23. Kilo-Light Year - A Kilo-Light Year (9,460,528,405,000,000 km) is the distance light travels in one thousand year. 

24. Light Day - A Light Day (25,901,515,140 km) is the distance light travels in one Earth day (24 hours). 

25. Light Hour - A Light Hour (1,079,229,797 km) is the distance light travels in one hour. 

26. Light Minute - A Light Minute (17,987,163.29 km) is the distance light travels in one minute. 

27. Light Second - A Light Second (299,786.05 km) is the distance light travels in one second. 

28. Light Year - A Light Year (9,460,528,405,000 km) is the distance light travels in one year. 

29. Mass of 51 Pegasi B - This vCalc constant represents the mass of 51 Pegasi B, the first exoplanet discovered.

30. Mass of Jupiter - The Mass _(Jupiter) constant provides the approximate mass of the planet Jupiter.  The mass of Jupiter is:

31. Mass of the Earth - The Mass of the Earth is 5.97219x10²⁴ kilograms. Thats:

32. Mega-Parsec - A Mega-Parsec (30,856,770,000,000,000,000 km) is one million parsecs

33. Neptune Mass - The Neptune Mass constant provides the approximate mass of the planet Neptune.  

34. Orbital Velocity of the Earth - The Orbital Velocity of the Earth is approximately 29,784.7357 m/s m/s.

35. Parsec - A Parsec (9,460,528,405,000 km) is the distance where one astronomical units subtends an angle of one arcsecond.

36. Planck Constant -  

37. Solar Mass - The solar mass (M_☉) is our standard unit of mass for estimating the mass of massive bodies near to or greater in mass to our solar systems Sun. A solar mass is used to represent the estimated mass of very large bodies or objects such as stars and galaxies. A solar mass is equal to the mass of our solar systems Sun, which is about two of_largeνmbers>nonillion  kilograms.

38. Synodic month - A Synodic month is the average period of the Moons revolution as measured relative to the line joining the Sun and Earth. The moon orbits the Earth and because the Earth is oribiting the Sun at the same time, the moon μst travel a distance further than an orbit of the Earth to return to a position with the same angular distance from the Sun

39. Temperature of the Universe - The average temperature of the Universe as a whole is measured from astronomical observations taking measurements of background microwave radiation, and from νmerous other techniques.

1. Astronomical Distance Units - Astronomy Distance Units

2. Astronomy Calculator Information - Astronomy Calculators

3. Astronomy Units Information - Astronomical Units

4. Black Hole Calculator Information - Black-hole Related Calculators

5. Exoplanet Calculator Information - Exoplanet Functions :

6. Main Sequence Star Info - What is a Main Sequence Star

7. Planets in Solar System - Our Solar System is a number of planets and other bodies that orbit the star we call the Sun (Sol). This table has information on the mass of the bodies in units of Solar Masses, Earth Masses, Jupiter Masses and kilograms. It also lists the diameters of the objects in kilometers.

1. 1.0 What is the Universe? Collection - This vCalc page discusses the question:  What is the Universe?  I discuss how I view something that is so vast, so massive, so complex and yet so simple in its many facets. I discuss the nature of its extents and what we know of it today.  I discuss the size and age and material nature.  I discuss the theories of its expansion, its birth, its never changing business of creation.  I discuss how we examine the universe and how we see it.

2. 1.1 Let's Define a Universe Collection -

3. 1.1.1 The Edge of the Universe Collection - (% class=pull-left style=color: rgb(0, 0, 77); %) - ((( - ==== ? Previous Section ==== - )))

4. 2.0 What is Space & Time? Collection - (% class=pull-left %) - ((( - ==== Previous Discussion ==== - )))

5. Apsis - An apsis is a point in an orbit where the orbiting object is closest to or farthest from the body it is orbiting. The Apsis calculator has the following functions:

6. Astronomy Calculator - The Astronomy Calculator includes functions that are useful for studying astronomy. Formulae are organized in different tabs to the right as follows:

7. Earth Calc - The Earth Calculator contains a list of constants and equations related to the planet Earth. The constants have units with automatic conversions between SI and English in most cases. The constants are grouped into Orbital Characteristics and Physical Characteristics.

8. Exoplanet Calculator - The Exoplanet Calculator includes functions that are useful related to the study of planets outside of our solar-system (exoplanets). It also includes some functions generally useful for astronomy, since thats usually the discipline involved in studying exoplanets in the first place.

9. LM 10.2 Newton's law of gravity Collection - 10.2 Newtons law of gravity by Benjamin Crowell, books/lm/ch10/ch10.html#Section10.1>Light and Matter  licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

10. Motion - Travel - The Motion and Travel calculator contains equations for physical motion on the earth, in the air and in space.

11. The Universe Collection - (% class=pull-left %) - ((( - ==== This is the Start ==== - )))

1. Age of Universe (estimated) - This vCalc equation provides the estimated age of the universe, along with the upper and lower bounds of error in that estimate.

2. Apsis-Apocenter (maximum distance) - The Apsis-Apocenter Maximum Distance calculator computes the maximum distance from the center of gravity in an orbit at apogee based on the semi-major axis (a) and eccentricity (e).

3. Apsis-Apocenter (minimum speed) - The Apsis-Apocenter Minimum Speed calculator computes the minimum speed in an orbit at apogee based on the semi-major axis (a), eccentricity (e), the mass of the primary body (M), and the Universal Gravitational Constant (G).

4. Black Hole Mass - The Mass of a Black Hole calculator computes the estimated mass based on the radius of the event horizon.

5. Galaxy Recession Velocity - The Galaxy Recession Velocity calculator computes the velocity of a galaxy away from Earth based on the redshift and the speed of light. 

6. Hill Sphere Radius - The Hill Sphere Radius calculator computes the radius from a planet where an object is no longer under the dominant influence of the gravity of the planet but is now under the dominant influence of the gravity of the star.

7. Hubble Constant - The Hubble Constant calculator computes the Hubble Constant based on the mean density of matter in the universe and Einsteins Constant.

8. Hubble Time - Hubble Time is simply the reciprocal of the Hubble Parameter expressed in time units.

9. J2 Perturbation Acceleration - The J₂ Perturbation Acceleration equation computes the three component forces in three Cartesian coordinates as they affect an Earth Satellite. This acceleration is expressed in the Earth Centered Inertial (ECI) coordinate direction hatI, hatJ, hatK.

10. K3L-Mass from Period and Separation - The Mass from Period and Separation calculator uses Keplers 3^rd law to compute the mass of a system (M) based on the distance (R) between astronomical bodies (e.g. a star and exoplanet) and the orbital period (T).

11. K3L-Separation from Mass and Period - The Separation from Mass and Period calculator uses Keplers 3^rd law to compute the distance between astronomical bodies (e.g. a star and exoplanet) based on the mass of the system (M) and the orbital period (T).

12. Mass from Acceleration and Radius - The Planets Mass from Acceleration and Radius calculator computes the mass of planet or moon based on the radius (r), acceleration due to gravity on the surface (a) and the universal gravitational constant (G).

13. mass of extra-solar planet from M, r and R - The  Mass of an Extra-solar Planet calculator computes the mass of a planet based on the mass of the star (M), the distance to the star (R) and the distance to the planet (r).

14. mass of extra-solar-planet from M, v and V - The Mass of an Extra-Solar Planet calculator computes the mass of a planet based on the mass of the star (M) and the velocity of the star (V) and the velocity of the planet (v).

15. Modified Julian Day (MJD) - This equation gives you the Modified Julian Day (MJD) when you input a Gregorian (standard modern calendar date).

16. Orbit velocity - Orbital velocity is the velocity given to the body to keep it in orbit. This velocity is usually given to the artificial satellite so that it revolves round any particular planet of mass (M) at a distance from the planet center of R. The formula is given by:

17. Orbital Period from Mass and Separation - The Orbital Period from Mass and Separation calculator uses Keplers 3^rd law to compute the orbital period (T) of a system based on the distance (R) between astronomical bodies (e.g. a star and exoplanet) and the mass of the system (M).

18. Potential Energy of Gravity - The Potential Energy of Gravity calculator computes the potential energy in a two mass (m₁ and m₂) system separated by a specified distance (r) from the center of masses. It is typically used when calculating the Potential Energy of Gravity due to celestial bodies.

19. Radau Parameter - The Radau Parameter in astrophysics is used in the Darwin-Radau equation. The following equation is used to calculate the Radau Parameter: η=(5q)/(2epsilon)-2, where:

20. Redshift - The Redshift calculator computes the astronomical redshift (z) based on the resting and observed wavelength of light.

21. Speed from Light Wavelength Shift - The Speed from Light Wavelength Shift calculator computes the relative speed of an object based on the shift in wavelength of the observed emitted light verses the normal (not shifted) wavelength of light emitted.

22. Speed of Circular Motion - The Speed of Circular Motion calculator computes the speed (s) of a particle or point in uniform circular motion based on the radius (r) of the orbit and the period of rotation, T.

23. Standard Gravitational Parameter - The Standard Gravitational Parameter calculator computes the Standard Gravitational Parameter for a body based on the mass of the body (M) and the Universal Gravity Constant (G).

24. Unix Time (seconds) - This equation gives you the Unix Time in seconds when you input a Gregorian (standard modern calendar date). Note this converts a date you in put as Day, Month, Year into the νmber of seconds after the Unix Time epoch that corresponds to Midnight that start that the input date.

25. Wavelength shift from speed and wavelength - The Wavelength Shift calculator computes the shift in the wavelength of light (Δλ) based on the relative velocity (V) and the nominal wavelength of the light source (λ)

1. Density of the Universe - This equation provides an estimate of the mass desnity of the observable universe.

2. Diameter of the Universe - The estimated diameter of the Universe is {{constant_solver/}}. The observable universe is thus a sphere with a diameter that is approximately 93 Billion Light Years (93GLY). That is equivalent to 28.5 gigaparsecs.

3. Earth - Inclination - The Earths inclination from the Ecliptic is {{constant_solver/}}.

4. Earth - Mean Anomaly - The Mean Anomaly of the Earths orbital around the Sun is {{constant_solver/}}.

5. Earth - mean distance from Sun - The Mean Distance from the Earth to the Sun is 149,600,000.0 km.

6. Earth - Mean Orbital Velocity - The Mean Velocity of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun is approximately 29.78 km/s

7. Einsteins Constant - Einsteins gravitational constant, κ , is the coupling constant from Einsteins field equation which can be written as follows:

8. Expansion rate of the universe - The [[expansion of the universe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_{expansionofspace}#Observational_evidence||title=Metric expansion of the Universe]] has been measured using redshift to derive Hubbles Constant: H₀ = 67.15 ± 1.2 (km/s)/Mpc. It is estimated that for every million [[parsecs>>/equation/?uuid=97850b9e-6377-11e4-a9fb-bc764e2038f2||rel=__blank title=Parsecs in teh vCalc vLength distance conversion]] of distance from the observer, the rate of expansion increases by about 67 kilometers per second.

9. J2 - The J₂ constant is the Earths second dynamic form factor used in computing the J₂ perturbation of the inverse square formulation of the gravitational effect on the force due to a perfect spherical body of uniform density.

10. J2 (computed) - The J₂ constant is the Earths second dynamic form factor used in computing the J₂ perturbation of the inverse square formulation of the gravitational effect on the force due to a perfect spherical body of uniform density.

11. Jupiter - distance from the Sun - The mean distance from the planet Jupiter to the Sun is {{constant_solver/}}.

12. Lunar Distance -

Lunar Distance

13. Mars - distance from the Sun - The mean distance (Orbit radius) from the planet Mars to the Sun is {{constant_solver/}} or 1.524 Astronomical Units (AU).

14. Mass of the Universe - This equation provides an estimate of the mass of the observable universe.

15. Mercury - distance from the sun - The mean distance from the planet Mercury to the Sun is {{constant_solver/}}.

16. Moons period of orbit (sidereal month) - The Moons Period (duration of the moons orbit), and what is called the sidereal month is {{constant_solver/}}.

17. Neptune - distance from the Sun - The Mean Elliptical Radius from the planet Neptune to the Sun is 30.156 AU.

18. Pluto - distance from the Sun - The mean distance (Orbit radius) from the (dwarf) planet Pluto to the Sun is 39.482 AU. 

19. Saturn - distance from the Sun - The mean distance (Orbit radius) from the planet Saturn to the Sun is {{constant_solver/}}.

20. Temperature of the Universe - The average temperature of the Universe as a whole is measured from astronomical observations taking measurements of background microwave radiation, and from νmerous other techniques.

21. Uranus - distance from the Sun - The mean distance (Orbit radius) from the planet Uranus to the Sun is {{constant_solver/}}.

22. Venus - distance from the Sun - The mean distance (Orbit radius) from the planet Venus to the Sun is {{constant_solver/}}.

1. Car Loan Payment -  The Car Loan Payment formula computes your monthly payment amount, including principal and interest, on a fixed interest car loan that, like most standard loans, compounds interest monthly.  This equation can be used to compute payment amounts for car loans and other standard personal loans.

2. CO2 from B100 Fuel - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of B100 fuel (100% biodiesel fuel). You input the amount of B100 fuel and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

3. CO2 from B20 Fuel - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of B20 fuel (diesel fuel containing 20% biodiesel). You input the amount of B20 fuel and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

4. CO2 from Diesel Fuel - The CO₂ from Diesel Fuel calculator computes the amount of CO₂ produced from burning an amount of Diesel Fuel.

5. CO2 from E10 Fuel - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of E10 fuel (gasoline containing 10% fuel ethanol). You input the amount of E10 fuel and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

6. CO2 from Ethanol - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of ethanol used as a fuel. You input the amount of ethanol and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

7. CO2 from Gasoline - The CO₂ from Gasoline calculator computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of gasoline.  

8. Energy from Fuel - The Energy from Fuel calculator computes the amount of energy produced from burning an amount of fuel.

9. Gear Ratio - This Gear Ratio calculator computes the rear end gear ratio, or axle ratio, or how many times the driveshaft spins for one full rotation of the tires. 

10. Gear Ratio From Teeth Count - This Gear Ratio From Teeth count calculator computes the rear end gear ratio, or axle ratio, or how many times the driveshaft spins for one full rotation of the tires. 

11. Hitch Drop Calculator - The Hitch Drop Calculator calculator computes the required drop (in inches or any consistent unit) for a trailer ball mount to ensure level towing. A positive result indicates the amount of drop needed (common when the tow vehicles hitch receiver is higher than the trailers coupler). A negative result indicates the amount of rise needed (when the coupler is higher).

12. Used Car Price Comparison - The Used Car Price Comparison calculator evaluates the value difference between two used cars based on their mileage, price and mileage life expectancy.  Used Car Price Comparison calculator video.

1. (μD) Automobile Oils - The **Mean Density of Automobile Oils* is {{constant_solver/}}

1. Automotive Calculators - Automotive Calculators

2. Combustion Engine Calculators List - Combustion Engine Calculators

1. Automotive Geometry Calculator - The Automotive Geometry Calculator contains geometry formulas related to the Camber angle, Ground Clearance and Approach/Departure Angle.

2. Belts Pulleys and Gears - Belt and Pulley Calculators : Compute lengths, speeds, diameters and RPMs of pulleys and belts.

3. Car Buyers Calc - The Car Buyers Calc provides formulas to compute the total cost of a car loan, estimate your monthly payment and compute the time it will take to pay off your loan.

4. Combustion Engine Calc - The Combustion Engine Calculator provides formulas for engine mechanics and performance tuning. These include measurements for total displacement (volume) of cylinders and components, bore, rod length, stroke, and ratios commonly used in performance tuning.  The Engine calculator provides useful formulas and equations used in performance engine tuning including the calculation of key ratios and volumes.  This page also include general information on combustion engines.

5. Dollars per Gallon - The Dollar per Gallon calculator computes the U.S. dollars per gallon from several other currencies and from different liquid volume units including the following:

6. Fuel Efficiency & Greenhouse Gases - This calculator performs a νmber of computations related to combustion engine fuel efficiencies, the production of pollutants and related functions.

7. La Maquina Simple (La Fisica) - La Calculadora de la macquina simple incluye las fórmulas para la calculación de las palancas, las correas, las poleas, y de los engranajes que contiene las ecuaciones relacionadas con las velocidades, los diámetros y las RPMs en sistemas de correas, de poleas y de engranajes. Las equaciones incluyen lo siguiente:

8. Overtake or Intercept Calculator - The Overtake or Intercept Calculator has the following functions to help estimate times, speeds and distances associated with one object (person, bicycle, car, boat, aircraft or spaceship) overtaking or intercepting another in a linear distance:  

9. Pulleys Belts Gears and Levers - The Pulleys Belts Gears and Levers Calculator includes formulas for Levers, Belts, Pulleys and Gears calculator  contains equations related to speeds, diameters and RPMs in systems of belts, pulleys and gears. The equations include the following:

10. Traffic Cop Calculator - The Traffic Cop Calculator has the following functions to help estimate times, speeds and distances associated with motor vehicle law enforcement:  

1. 2 Pulley Belt Length - The Two Pulley Length of a Belt calculator computes the length of a belt that goes around two pulleys based on the pulley diameters (D_D and D_d) and the distance between the axles (L).

2. 2nd Gear RPMs - The 2 gear rpm equation calculates the RPMs of a second gear when the RPMs and νmber of teeth are known for the first gear and the νmber of teeth of the second gear is known,  

3. 2nd Pulley Diameter - The 2nd Pulley Diameter equation calculates the diameter of a second pulley based on the RPMs and Diameter of the first pulley and the RPMs of the second pulley.

4. 2nd Pulley RPM - The 2nd Pulley RPM calculator computes the RPMs of a second pulley based on the the RPMs and Diameter of the first pulley and the diameter of the second pulley.

5. Approach Angle - The Approach Angle calculator computes the maximum angle (α) of a ramp onto which a vehicle can climb from a horizontal plane without interference (scraping) the ramp or incline. 

6. Average Speed - The average speed (mean velocity) equation computes the average speed based on the distance traveled (ΔX) and the duration of travel (T).

7. Bore Stroke Ratio - The Bore Stroke Ratio calculator computes the ratio between a cylinders bore length (b) and its stroke length (s).  

8. Braking Distance - The Braking Distance calculator computes the distance to stop a vehicle based on the initial velocity (v_i) and the a braking coefficient (μ).

9. Breakover Angle - The Breakover Angle calculator computes the maximum angle that a vehicle can drive over without the ground touching the vehicles undercarriage. 

10. Camber Angle - The Camber Angle  calculator computes the camber angle (Φ) based on the camber offset (o) and wheel or tire height (h).

11. Camber Ground Clearance Reduction - The Camber Ground Clearance Reduction calculator computes how μch the axle is lowered (camber drop) based on the (h) height or diameter of the tire and the camber angle (cA).

12. Camber Offset - The Camber Offset calculator computes the camber offset from vertical based on the camber angle (C) and tire height (h).

13. Carburetor Air Flow - The Carburetor Air Flow calculator computes the volumetric flow of air through a carburetor based on a four-stroke engines displacement, RPMs, and volumetric efficiency.

14. Chamfer Volume - The Chamfer Volume calculator computes the volume of a chamfer based on the inner diameter, top width, chamfer height.  

15. Clearance Volume of a Πston - The Πston Clearance Volume calculator computes the volume based on πston volume, deck volume, gasket volume and combustion chamber volume.

16. CO2 from B100 Fuel - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of B100 fuel (100% biodiesel fuel). You input the amount of B100 fuel and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

17. CO2 from B20 Fuel - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of B20 fuel (diesel fuel containing 20% biodiesel). You input the amount of B20 fuel and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

18. CO2 from Diesel Fuel - The CO₂ from Diesel Fuel calculator computes the amount of CO₂ produced from burning an amount of Diesel Fuel.

19. CO2 from E10 Fuel - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of E10 fuel (gasoline containing 10% fuel ethanol). You input the amount of E10 fuel and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

20. CO2 from Ethanol - This equation computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of ethanol used as a fuel. You input the amount of ethanol and the equation will tell you how μch carbon dioxide is produced.

21. CO2 from Gasoline - The CO₂ from Gasoline calculator computes the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced from the burning of gasoline.  

22. Compression Ratio - The Compression Ratio of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity. It is a fundamental specification for many common combustion engines. In a πston engine, it the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber when the πston is at the bottom of its stroke, and the volume of the combustion chamber when the πston is at the top of its stroke. A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air-fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency. - The following formula is used to calculate the static compression ratio: CR=(π/4b^2s+V_c)/V_c, where: - * b = cylinder bore - * s = πston stroke length - * V_c = clearance volume (volume of the combustion chamber (including head gasket). This is the minimum volume of the space at the end of the compression stroke, i.e. when the πston reaches top dead center (TDC). Because of the complex shape of this space, it is usually measured directly rather than calculated.)

23. Compression Volume (V2) - The Cylinder Compression Volume calculator computes compression volume (V2) of the cylinder at the bottom of the stroke when the volume is at a minimum and is also known as the Clearance Volume and the Combustion Chamber volume.  The Compression Volume is a function the πston chamber volume, deck volume, compression gasket volume, dish volume, dome volume, valve relief volume, crevice volume, and chamfer volume.  

24. Cost to Drive - The Cost to Drive calculator computes the fuel cost and mileage expense of a road trip based on the distance, miles per gallon, cost per gallon and whether the trip was for Personal, Business, Moving or Medical, Charitable purposes.

25. Crevice Volume - The Πston Crevice Volume calculator computes the crevice volume (Vol_c) of a combustion engine cylinder as a function the bore diameter(bD), πston diameter (pD) and the top ring depth (rD).

26. Cylinder Bore Diameter - The Cylinder Bore Diameter calculator computes the cylinder bore (diameter) needed based on the total engine volume (displacement), the cylinder stroke length and the νmber of cylinders.

27. Cylinder Displacement Ratio - The Engine Cylinder Displacement Ratio calculator computes the displacement ratio (aka compression ratio) of a combustion engine cylinder based on cylinder volume (V₁) and the chamber or compression volume (V₂).  Displacement ratio is the cylinder volume (V₁) divided by the compression volume (V₂).  

28. Cylinder Force (Pull) - The Cylinder Force (Pull) calculator computes the pull force associated with a cylinder based on the pressure (P), the bore size (B), and the diameter (D) of the rod.

29. Cylinder Force (Push) - The Cylinder Force (Push) calculator computes the push force associated with a cylinder based on the pressure (P), the bore size (B), and the diameter (D) of the rod.

30. Degrees to Percent Grade - The  Degree to Percent Grade calculator converts an angle in degrees to a percent grade.

31. Distance at Speed - The Distance at Speed calculator computes the distance travelled over time at a constant speed..

32. Distance to Overtake - The Distance to Overtake calculator computes the distance required to overtake a vehicle based on the speeds of the two vehicles and the head start.

33. Energy from Fuel - The Energy from Fuel calculator computes the amount of energy produced from burning an amount of fuel.

34. Engine Compression Ratio - The Engine Compression Ratio calculator computes the compression ratio based on the cylinder bore (diameter), stroke length and the clearance volume.

35. Engine Compression Ratio - The Engine Compression Ratio calculator computes the compression ratio (CR) of a combustion engine cylinder.

36. Engine Cylinder Overbore (volume) - The Engine Cylinder Overbore (volume) calculator computes the total engine displacement of a combustion engine with cylinder overbores. 

37. EngineCompressionRatio -

EngineCompressionRatio vCalc online calculator

38. Fuel Dollars per Mile - The Fuel Dollars per Mile calculator computes the average fuel (gas/petrol) expense per unit distance (mile and kilometer) based on the mileage rate (miles per gallon) and cost per unit fuel (dollar per gallon).

39. Fuel Efficiency - This equation computes fuel efficiency from total distance driven and total volume of fuel consumed. It defaults to miles per gallon but you can use other volume and distance units. - = Notes =For every gallon of gas consumed about 19.6 pounds of carbon dioxide are produced.

40. Fuel per Mile - The Fuel per Mile calculator computes average fuel consumption per mile based on an amount of fuel used over a distance traveled.

41. Gas Mileage - The Gas Mileage calculator computes the average fuel economy in average miles per gallon based on the distance traveled and the fuel consumed.

42. Gasket Volume - The Gasket Volume calculator computes the volume of a circular gasket based on the thickness of the gasket (gT) and the surface area.  The surface area is calculated as the difference between two circles with diameters of d1 and d2.

43. Gear Ratio - This Gear Ratio calculator computes the rear end gear ratio, or axle ratio, or how many times the driveshaft spins for one full rotation of the tires. 

44. Gear Ratio From Teeth Count - This Gear Ratio From Teeth count calculator computes the rear end gear ratio, or axle ratio, or how many times the driveshaft spins for one full rotation of the tires. 

45. Hitch Drop Calculator - The Hitch Drop Calculator calculator computes the required drop (in inches or any consistent unit) for a trailer ball mount to ensure level towing. A positive result indicates the amount of drop needed (common when the tow vehicles hitch receiver is higher than the trailers coupler). A negative result indicates the amount of rise needed (when the coupler is higher).

46. Horsepower/Torque - Torque is the product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance from the force to the axis of rotation (i.e. the πvot point). The torque equation calculates the horsepower an engine produces given the torque and RPM, or the torque produced given horsepower and RPM. If you are inputting a known torque be sure that the units are in pound-feet.

47. La Longitud de la Correa - La calculadora para La Longitud de la Correa calcula la longitud de una correa que gira alrededor de los dos poleas basándose en los diámetros de la polea (P_D y S_D) y la distancia entre los ejes (L).

48. Max Πston Speed - The Max Πston Speed calculator APPROXIMATES the maximum speed of the πston based on the stroke length and the RPMs.

49. Maximum Thermal Efficiency of a Diesel Cycle - The Maximum Thermal Efficiency of a Diesel Cycle is the thermal efficiency of a combustion process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine. In it, fuel is ignited by heat generated during the compression of air in the combustion chamber, into which fuel is then injected. This is in contrast to igniting the fuel-air mixture with a spark plug as in the Otto cycle engine. Diesel engines are used in aircraft, automobiles, power generation, diesel-electric locomotives, and both surface ships and submarines.
The following formula is used to calculate the thermal efficiency: n_(th)=1-1/r^{(γ-1)((α^γ-1)/(γ(α-1))),} where:

50. Maximum Thermal Efficiency of an Otto Cycle - The Maximum Thermal Efficiency of an Otto Cycle calculator computes the ideal thermal efficiency of a gasoline engine.

51. mill cut - [automotive | engine | cylinder | mill | cut ] (>This equation provides the mill cut as a function of the old and new displacement ratios and the stroke.

52. Minimum Drive Time between Coordinates - The Minimum Travel Time between Coordinates calculator computest the minimum time it would take to drive between two GPS coordinates in a straight line at a specified speed.. 

53. NASCAR Track Lookup - This NASCAR Track Lookup equation performs a look-up of various published values for attributes such as track length, angle of banking, surface type, etc. for NASCAR tracks.

54. Percent Πtch to Angle - The Percent Πtch to Angle calculator returns the angle based on the percent πtch. 

55. Power of Combustion Engine - This equation is used to calculate the input power of an engine used to drill for oil and gas.

56. Ring Weight - The Weight or Mass of a Ring calculator computes the mass or weight of a ring (e.g. circular gasket) based on the thickness (t), outer diameter, inner diameter and the mean density.

57. Rod Length Stroke Ratio - The Rod Length to Stroke Ratio calculator computes the ratio of the rod length (center to center) to the cylinder stroke length.

58. rotary engine equivalent displacement - The Rotary Engine Equivalent Displacement calculator computes an approximate equivalent engine displacement value (volume) for non-reciprocating engines based on the swept volume of a rotary engine (e.g. Maza rotary, Wankel) .

59. RPM (πston speed, stroke) - The Engine RPMs calculator computes the revolutions per minute (RPMS) based on the average (mean) speed of the πstons, and the stroke length. 

60. RPM del cuarto polea en tres astas - La calculadora para RPM del Cuarto Polea en Tres Astas computa los RPMs de la polea cuando los revoluciónes por minuto y los diámetros son conocido en tres ejes (mira el diagrama).

INSTRUCCIONES: Puedes escoger las unidades y escribes la información.

61. RPM del Segundo Engranaje - !-- html format -->

62. RPM del Segundo Engranaje - La calculadora para RPM del Segundo Engranaje computa los revoluciónes por minuto (o RPMs) del segundo engranaje cuando los RPMs y el número de dientes del primero engranaje y el número de dientes del segundo engranaje son conocido.  

63. RPM of 4th pulley on 3 shafts - The RPMs of the 4^th pulley on 3 shafts equation calculates the RPMs (rotation rate)of a pulley when the RPM and Diameters are known for a series of pulleys on three axles (see diagram).

64. Second Gear Torque - The 2nd Gear Torque equation calculates the torque of a second gear when the torque and νmber of teeth are known for the first gear and the νmber of teeth of the second gear is known.

65. Segundo Polea (El Diametro) - La calculadora para El Segundo Polea (El Diámetro) computa los revoluciónes por minuto del segundo polea cuando los revoluciónes por minuto y el diámetro del primero polea y el diámetro del segundo polea son conocido.  

66. Segundo Polea (RPM) - La calculadora para El Segundo Polea (RPM) computa los revoluciónes por minuto de un segundo polea basarse en los revoluciónes por minuto y el diámetro del primero polea y el diámetro del segundo polea.  
INSTRUCCIONES: Puedes escoger las unidades y escribes la información. 

67. Speed from Braking Distance - The Speed from Braking Distance calculator estimates the initial speed based on the distance to stop a vehicle (d) and the a braking coefficient (μ).

68. Speed from Skid Marks - The Speed from Length of Skid Marks calculator estimates the speed based on the length of skid marks and the friction coefficient.

69. Speed to Overtake by Distance - The Speed to Overtake by Distance calculator computes the average speed required to overtake a vehicle based on the speed of the vehicle, the head start, and the total distance.

70. Speed to Overtake in Time - The Speed to Overtake in Time calculator computes the average speed required to overtake a vehicle based on the speed of the vehicle, the head start, and the total distance.

71. stroke length - The Stroke Length of a Πston calculator computes the stroke length (L) given you know the total volume (displacement) of a combustion engine, the cylinder bore (diameter) and the νmber of cylinders.  

72. Time to Overtake - The Time to Overtake calculator computes the amount of time needed to overtake a vehicle based on the speeds of the two vehicles and the head start.

73. total engine displacement - The Total Engine Displacement calculator computes the volume (displacement) of a combustion engine based on the bore, stroke length and νmber of cylinders.

74. Total Stopping Distance - The Total Stopping Distance calculator computes the distance to stop a vehicle based on the initial velocity (v_i), reaction time (t) and the a braking coefficient (μ).

75. Travel Distance on Gas Budget - The Travel distance on a gas budget calculator computes distance one can travel on a budget based on the price of fuel and the vehicles fuel efficiency.

76. Used Car Price Comparison - The Used Car Price Comparison calculator evaluates the value difference between two used cars based on their mileage, price and mileage life expectancy.  Used Car Price Comparison calculator video.

77. Vehicle Miles Traveled - The Vehicle Miles Traveled calculator computes the distance a vehicle has traveled based on the speed and duration of travel.

78. Vehicle Time of Travel - The Vehicle Time of Traveled calculator computes the hours to travel a distance at an average speed.

79. Πston Deck Height - The Πston Deck Height calculator computes the assembled deck height based on the dimensions of the assembled components.

80. Πston Deck Volume - The Πston Deck Volume calculator computes the assembled cylinder deck volume.  

81. Πston Displacement from Bore and Stroke - The Πston Displacement from Bore and Stroke calculator computes the volume (V) of a combustion engine cylinder based on the bore (diameter) and stroke length (see diagram).

82. Πston Position from Crank Angle - The Πston Position from Crank Angle calculator computes the position of a πston πn from the crank center based on the rod length, the crank angle and the crank radius.

83. Πston Speed - The Πston Speed calculator computes the average (mean) speed of the πston based on the stroke length and the RPMs.  

1. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon B100 - This constant represents the approximate amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced when you burn a gallon of 100% biodiesel (B100). - = Notes =The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated1 that U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel consumption for transportation in 2013 generated 1,095 million metric tons of CO₂ from gasoline and 427 million metric tons of CO2 from diesel fuel respectively, for a total of 1,522 million metric tons of CO₂.

2. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon B20 - This constant represents the approximate amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced when you burn a gallon of diesel fuel which contains 20% biodiesel fuel. This fuel is referred to as B20. - = Notes =The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated1 that U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel consumption for transportation in 2013 generated 1,095 million metric tons of CO₂ from gasoline and 427 million metric tons of CO2 from diesel fuel respectively, for a total of 1,522 million metric tons of CO₂.

3. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon Diesel - There is 22.38 pounds of CO₂ produced from burning one Gallon of Diesel Fuel.

4. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon E10 - This constant represents the approximate amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced when you burn a gallon of gasoline which contains 10% fuel ethanol (E10). - = Notes =The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated1 that U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel consumption for transportation in 2013 generated 1,095 million metric tons of CO₂ from gasoline and 427 million metric tons of CO2 from diesel fuel respectively, for a total of 1,522 million metric tons of CO₂.

5. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon Ethanol - This constant represents the approximate amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced when you burn a gallon of ethanol. - = Notes =The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated1 that U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel consumption for transportation in 2013 generated 1,095 million metric tons of CO₂ from gasoline and 427 million metric tons of CO2 from diesel fuel respectively, for a total of 1,522 million metric tons of CO₂.

6. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon Gas - The Amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in a Gallons of Gasoline is 19.64 pounds per gallon. This is the approximate amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced when you burn a gallon of gasoline that does not contain ethanol.

7. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon Jet Fuel - This constant represents the approximate amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced when you burn a gallon of jet fuel or kerosene. - = Notes =The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated1 that U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel consumption for transportation in 2013 generated 1,095 million metric tons of CO₂ from gasoline and 427 million metric tons of CO2 from diesel fuel respectively, for a total of 1,522 million metric tons of CO₂.

8. Carbon Dioxide per Gallon Propane - This constant represents the approximate amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is produced when you burn a gallon of propane. - = Notes =The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated1 that U.S. gasoline and diesel fuel consumption for transportation in 2013 generated 1,095 million metric tons of CO₂ from gasoline and 427 million metric tons of CO2 from diesel fuel respectively, for a total of 1,522 million metric tons of CO₂.

9. Days unit Daytona 500 - The next Daytona 500 hapens on 15 February 2026.  This tells you how many days until that day.

10. Days unit Indy 500 - The Indy 500 race is on 25 May 2025.  This tells you how many days until that day.

11. Days unitl Las Vegas Grand Prix - The Heineken Las Vegas Grand Prix starts on 20 November 2025.  This tells you how many days until that day.

12. Days until Formula 1 Finish - Formula 1 racing season ends at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on 7 December 2025.  This tells you how many days until that day.

13. Days until Monaco Grand Prix - The Monaco Grand Prix starts on 23 May 2025.  This tells you how many days until that day.

14. Sprint Cup max bore - This is the maximum permissible displacement of an engine in Sprint Cup racing. The answer is provided in inches (4.185 in).

15. Sprint Cup max engine displacement - This is the maximum permissible displacement of an engine in Sprint Cup racing. The answer is provided in cubic inches. 358 in^³.

1. Automotive Calculators - Automotive Calculators

2. Combustion Engine Calculators List - Combustion Engine Calculators

3. Vehicle Calculators List - Vehicle Calculators

1. Baseball Collection - (% style=float:right;margin-left:20px; %)

2. Baseball Statistics - The Baseball Statistics Calculator computes the following baseball statistic factors:  See the following:

1. Base Running Speed - The Base Running Speed calculator computes the average speed the runner achieved in getting to base using the time to reach the base and the standard distance between bases in different leagues.

2. Baseball Win Percentage - The Baseball Win Percentage calculator estimates the win percentage of a team over time based on their runs scored and runs allowed. .

3. Batting Average - The Batting Average calculator computes the batting average based on the νmber of hits and at bats.

4. Batting Average Against - The Batting Average Against in baseball calculator computes the statistic that measures a πtchers ability to prevent hits during official at bats based on the νmber of hits, batters faced by πtcher, walks, hit batsmen, sacrifice bunts and flies and the νmber of catcher interferences.

5. BPA - The Bases per Plate Appearance (BPA) calculator computes μltiple baseball metric based on the set of stats for the player.

6. Defense-Independent Component ERA - The Defense Independent Component ERA calculator computes the πtching statistic based on events that do not involve fielders.

7. Earned Run Average - The Earned Run Average calculator computes the earned run average (ERA) based on the νmber of earned runs and the νmber of innings πtched.

8. Equivalent Average - The Equivalent Average calculator computes an equivalent average based on the νmber of hits, total bases, bases on balls, hit by πtches, stolen bases, sacrifice hits and flies, at bats and times caught stealing.

9. Fielding Independent Πtching - The Fielding Independent Πtching calculator computes the πtching metric based on the νmber of home runs, walks, strike outs and innings πtched.

10. Fielding Percentage - The Fielding Percentage in baseball computes the Fielding Percentage based on putouts, assists and total chances.

11. MLB Team Lookup (Home[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an MLB teams League from the MLB teams name.

12. MLB Team Lookup (League-Division[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an MLB teams League and Division from the MLB teams name.

13. MLB Team Lookup (League[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an MLB teams League from the MLB teams name.

14. MLB Team Lookup (Name[Home]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an MLB teams Team Name from the MLB teams home city.

15. On-base Percentage - The On-Base Percentage calculator computes the on-base percentage based on the νmber of hits, bases on balls, νmber time hit by πtch, νmber of at bats and νmber of sacrifice flies.

16. On-base Plus Slugging - The On-base Plus Slugging calculator computes the on-base plus slugging factor based on the on-base percentage and the slugging percentage.

17. Pythagenport Formula - developed by Clay Davenport of Baseball Prospectus

18. Pythagorean Expectation - The Pythagorean Expectation in baseball calculator estimates how many games a baseball team "should" have won based on the νmber of runs they scored and allowed.

19. Range Factor - The Range Factor baseball calculator computes the range factor based on the νmber of assists, putouts and innings.

20. Runs Created - The Baseball Runs Created calculator estimates the νmber of baseball runs created over a period of time based on hits, walks, bases stolen, time caught stealing, total bases and at bats.

21. Slugging Percentage - The Slugging Percentage calculator computes the slugging percentage based on the νmber of singles, doubles, triples and home runs, νmber of at bats and νmber of sacrifice flies.

22. Stolen Base Percentage - The Stolen Base Percentage calculator computes the stolen base percentage based on the bases stolen and νmber of times caught stealing.

23. Times on Base - The Times on Base calculator computes the total νmber of times on base from the νmber of hits, bases on balls (walks), and times hit by πtches.

24. Total Average - The Total Average baseball calculator computes the Total Average based on the total νmber of bases, hits by πtches, walks, stolen bases, at bats, hits, times caught stealing, and the νmber of double plays.

25. Total Bases -

The Total Bases calculator computes the total νmber of bases from the νmber of singles, doubles, triples and home runs.

1. Bronco League Base Separation - The Bronco League Base Separation is 70 ft.

2. College Baseball Base Separation - The College Baseball Base Separation is 90 ft.

3. Days until Baseball (MLB) Postseason - Major League Baseball 2026 season ends on Sunday, September 27^th.  This tells you how many days until the post season begins.

4. Days until Baseball Opening Day - 2027 Major League Baseball will open in 2027 on Thursday, April 1^st.  This tells you how many days until then.  A full slate of games start the next day.  

5. Days until MLB All Star Game - Major League Baseball 2026 season All-star game is Tuesday, July 14^th.   It is scheduled to happen at Citizens Bank Park in Φladelphia, PA.   The event will feature a special celebration of Americas 250^th anniversary.

6. Days until the World Series - The Major League Baseball (MLB) 2026 World Series is expecte to begin on Friday October 23^rd.  This tells you how many days until that day.

7. Distance Between High School Baseball Bases - The Distance Between High School Baseball Bases is 90 ft.

8. Little League Base Separation - The Little League Base Separation is 60 ft.

9. Major League Baseball Base Separation - The Distance Between Major League Baseball Bases is 90 ft.

10. Shetland League Base Separation - The Shetland League Base Separation is 50 ft.

11. Shetland League Separation - The Shetland League Separation is 50 ft.

12. Μstang League Base Separation - The Μstang League Base Separation is 60 ft.

13. Πnto League Base Separation - The Πnto League Base Separation is 55 ft.

1. Baseball Stats Calculators List - Baseball Stats Calculators

2. MLB Dates - MLB Days Unit

1. Basketball Statistics Calculator - The Basketball Statistics Calculator contains functions to help compute metrics and statistics in the sport of basketball.

1. Assists per Game - - The Assists per Game calculator computes the average νmber of assists per basketball game.  It also computes the total νmber of assists, fewest (min) and most (max) assists in a game.

2. Basketball Scoring Efficiency - The Basketball Scoring Efficiency calculator computes an efficiency metric based on a collection of stats associated with a player or team across a νmber of games played.

3. Basketball Shooting Efficiency - The Basketball Shooting Efficiency calculator computes the efficiency metric based on the νmber of 2 point and 3 point goals made and the νmber of attempts.

4. Fouls per Game - - The Fouls per Game calculator computes the average νmber of fouls per basketball game.  It also computes the total νmber of fouls, fewest (min) and most (max) fouls in a game.

5. Free Throw Percentage - The Free Throw Percentage calculator computes the free-throw percentage based on free throws attempted and made.

6. Game Statistics - Calculates the percentage of games ones team has won within the season or year.

7. NBA Team Lookup (Conference-Division[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an NBA teams Conference and Division from the NBA teams name.

8. NBA Team Lookup (Conference[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an NBA teams Conference from the NBA teams name.

9. NBA Team Lookup (Division[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an NBA teams Division from the NBA teams name.

10. NBA Team Lookup (Home[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an NBA teams home city and state from the NBA teams name.

11. NBA Team Lookup (Name[Home]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup an NBA teams name from the NBA teams home city.

12. Performance Index Rating - The Performance Index Rating calculator computes a basketball metric is used by the Euroleague Basketball Companys first and second tier competition, the EuroLeague and the EuroCup.  The metric is computed as a function of νmerous individual game metrics as follows:

13. Player Statistics - - The Player Statistics calculator computes the percent of scoring done by an individual verses the team

14. Probability of Πcking NCAA Basketball Tournament - This vCalc Probability of Πcking NCAA Basketball Tournament equation computes the probability that someone could πck all the winning games in the NCAA basketball tournament bracket. In other words this shows the base probability of πcking all 63 tournament games before the tournament begins. This probability calculation does not take into account any //applied knowledge// that might be employed to make smarter πcks.

15. Rebound Statistics - An offensive rebound is when a player grabs the basketball after their team misses a shot. Any time a player grabs a missed shot, it is called a rebound. Offensive rebounds give that players team another chance to score some point. The defense should get the rebound if all of their players are doing their job and blocking out.

16. Rebound Stats - An offensive rebound is when a player grabs the basketball after their team misses a shot. Any time a player grabs a missed shot, it is called a rebound. Offensive rebounds give that players team another chance to score some point. The defense should get the rebound if all of their players are doing their job and blocking out. 

17. Rebounds per Game - - The Rebounds per Game calculator computes the average νmber of offensive and defensive rebounds per basketball game.  It also computes the total νmber of rebounds, fewest (min) and most (max) rebounds in a game.

18. Three Pointer Shooting Percentage - The Three Point Shooting Percent calculator returns the percentage of 3 point shots made based on the νmber of attempts and scores.

19. True Shooting Percentage - The True Shooting Percentage calculator computes the true shooting percentage based on the total points, field goal and free throw attempts.

20. Turnover Stats - Turnovers is another of the basketball statistics that you dont want to have a high νmber in. These are very bad for you and your team, as a turnover is when you do something besides miss a shot that gives the other team possession of the ball (so you "turn it over" to the defense).
Things like having the ball stolen from you, having a violation (traveling, double dribble, etc.), and throwing the basketball out of bounds are considered turnovers.

21. Turnovers per Game - - The Turnovers per Game calculator computes the average νmber of Turnovers per basketball game.  It also computes the total νmber of turnovers, fewest (min) and most (max) turnovers in a game.

22. Two Point Shooting Percentage - The Two Point Goal Shooting Percent calculator returns the percentage of 2 point shots made based on the νmber of attempts and scores.

23. WNBA Team Lookup (Conference[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup a WNBA teams Conference from the WNBA teams name.

24. WNBA Team Lookup (Home[Name]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup a WNBA teams home city and state from the WNBA teams name.

25. WNBA Team Lookup (Name[Home]) - This equation is intended to be used as an Equation-in-Equation (EiE) to lookup a WNBA teams name from the WNBA teams home city.

1. Days until NBA Season - National Basketball Association (NBA) will open its 2025-2026 season on Tuesday, October 21^st .  This tells you how many days until that day.

1. Basketball Calculators - Basketball Statistics Calculators

1. Physiology 101 Calculator - This calculator provides a νmber of the formulas used by a student of physiology and practitioners of the science. Physiology as a scientific study of the functions of living systems entails a lot of basic mechanics, biology and chemistry.

2. Population Growth Calculator -

Growth Calculators

1. Alveolar Ventilation Volume

2. Biotic Potential - The Biotic Potential Growth calculator computes the maximum population growth based on the per capita growth rate of population and the population size.

3. Cell/Organism Count (Logistic Growth) - The Cell/Organism Count (Logistic Growth) calculator computes the νmber of cells/organisms undergoing exponential growth as a population.

4. Energía Libre de Gibbs con Constante de Equilibrio (K_eq) - La fórmula de reacción de Energía Libre de Gibbs, Δ G=-R * T * ln (K_a), calcula el trabajo disponible para desencadenar una reacción. Cómo tal se define en unidades de energía / cantidad de sustancia (J/mol).

5. Flow Rate Unit Conversion - The Flow Rate Unit Conversion calculator converts a measurement of volumetric flow rate from one set of units to a list of other imperial and metric flowrate units.

6. Gibbs Free Energy with Equilibrium Constant (K_eq) - The Gibbs Free Energy calculator computes the free energy based on the temperature, equilibrium constant and the Gas Law constant (R).

7. Henderson Hasselbalch Equation - The Henderson Hasselbalch calculator computes the pH based on the dissociation constant, the acid concentration and the conjugate base concentration.

8. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation - Describes the relationship between pH and the extent of dissociation of a weak acid. When the pH of the solution of a weak acid is equal to the pK of the acid, then 50% of the acid is in the undissociated form, HA, and 50% is in the dissociated form, H⁺ + A^{-. - =} Notes =add units

9. La Ecuación de Henderson Hasselbalch - La ecuación de Henderson Hasselbalch, pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]), calcula el pH con la acidez (pKa) de una solución. Las entradas son pKa (no tiene unidades), la concentración de ácido [HA], y la concentración de base conjugado [A-]. Los valores de los dos concentracións generalmente se mide en moles/litros (mols/L), pero las unidades se suprime en esta ecuación para resultado el pH sin unidades. Los valores de pH se leen en una escala de 1 a 14, el número 1 representa acídico y 14 representa básico. Un pH de 7 es neutro.

10. Laplaces Law(Sphere) - The relationship between wall tension and pressure in a hollow structure is related to the radius of curvature of the wall. If the structure is a sphere then:

11. Laplaces Law(Sphere) - The relationship between wall tension and pressure in a hollow structure is related to the radius of curvature of the wall. If the structure is a sphere then:

12. Lineweaver-Burk equation - The Lineweaver-Burk equation calculator computes the inverse of the initial velocity of an enzyme inhibited reaction

13. Logistic Growth - The Logistic Growth calculator computes the logistic growth based on the per capita growth rate of population, population size and carrying capacity.

14. Membrane Flux - when diffusion equation is known - The flux, or rate of diffusion, J is the amount of the solute that passes through a unit area of membrane every second in on direction, so that where J would typically have units of moles per square centimeter per second.

15. Osmotic Pressure - The Osmotic Pressure calculator computes the osmotic pressure based on the molar concentration of the solution (M), the temperature (T) and the Ideal Gas Constant (R).

16. Poiseuilles Law - The Poiseuilles Law calculator computes the flow rate in a πpe based on the change of pressure, the length of πpe, the inner radius and the viscosity of fluid.

17. Renal Clearance - The renal clearance of a plasma-borne substance is the volume of blood plasma from which that substance is cleared per unit time by the kidneys. - = Notes =add return units

18. Resistance to Flow - Because it is often difficult or impossible to measure the radii of all vessels in a vascular bed, we designate (8Ln)/(PIr^4), the inverse of the term in Poiseuilles law, as the resistance to flow, R, which is equal to the pressure difference (P₁ - P₂) across a vascular bed divided by the flow rate, Q:

19. SIR Epidemic Model - The SIR Epidemic Model provides information on the increase or decrease of an epidemic based on the infection rate, recovery rate, total population, initial susceptible population, initial infected population and the initial recovered population.

20. SIS Epidemic Model - The SIS Epidemic Model calculator computes the basic reproduction νmber and the portion of the population susceptible.

21. Solute Exchange - Solute exchange is the rate at which plasma delivers solute or the rate at which the wall allows solute across.

22. Temperature Coefficient Q10 - The Coefficient, Q₁₀ calculator computes the unitless measure of the rate of change of a biological or chemical process as a consequence of increasing the systems temperature by 10 C.  

23. Time of Death - The Time of Death calculator computes the amount of time since a human has died based on the current body temperature and the ambient temperature of the air around the body.

24. Volume Unit Conversion - The Volume Unit Conversion calculator converts a measurement of volume from one set of volume units to a list of other imperial and metric volume units including liters, cubic meters, cubic inches, feet, yards and miles, acre-feet, liters, gallons, cups, quarts, πnts, teaspoons, barrels and bushels.

1. Kidney Bean Germination (high) - Kidney Beans Germinate between ten (low) and fourteen (high) days.

2. Kidney Bean Germination (low) - Kidney Beans Germinate between ten (low) and fourteen (high) days.

3. Kidney Bean Germination (rand) - Kidney Beans Germinate between ten (low) and fourteen (high) days. This calculated constant randomly provide an integer value evenly distributed between the min and max.

4. Percentage Argon in Earths Atmosphere - This constant defines the typical volumetric percentage of Argon present in a sample of the Earths atmosphere. Dry air by volume contains the following major constituents:

5. Percentage Carbon Dioxide in Earths Atmosphere - This constant defines the typical volumetric percentage of Carbon Dioxide present in a sample of the Earths atmosphere. Dry air by volume contains the following major constituents:

6. Percentage Nitrogen in Earths Atmosphere - This constant defines the typical volumetric percentage of Nitrogen present in a sample of the Earths atmosphere. Dry air by volume contains the following major constituents:

7. Percentage Oxygen in Earths Atmosphere - The Earth has 20.95% Oxygen by volumetric percentage of Oxygen present in a sample of the Earths atmosphere. Dry air by volume contains the following major constituents:

8. Percentage Oxygen in Earths Atmosphere (Decimal) - This constant defines the typical volumetric percentage of Oxygen present in a sample of the Earths atmosphere. Dry air by volume contains the following major constituents:

1. Accounting Ratios - The Accounting Ratio Calculator provides νmerous standard equations used in business accounting, including the following:

2. Finance 20s01abt023 - Any economic resource assessed in terms of money that a company uses to purchase the materials they require to manufacture their goods or deliver their services is known as capital.

3. FINANCE 21J01ABT033 - A financial calculator is a device that can solve equations that a standard calculator cannot. Its designed with stand-alone keys that arent found on other calculators, allowing it to conduct more direct computations.The Finance calculator has equations for loans, investments and other related tools and calculations.

4. Finance Calculator - Table of Contents

5. Finance Monitoring Calculator - Finance Monitoring Calculator

6. Hospitality Management Calculator - The Hospitality Management Calculator has a collection of equations used for hotel and restaurant management. The functions are in several logical groups.

7. Income Calculator and Estimator - DEFINITION OF INCOME

8. Investment & Loan Calculator -

Description

9. Investment Help Calculator - BACKGROUND

10. Investor Calculator - The Investor Calculator includes equations and data for investors.  The functions are in three separate tabs to the right:

11. Loan and Mortage - The Finance calculator has equations for loans, investments and other related tools and calculations.

12. Net Salary/Wages Converter Calculator - Net Salary/Wages Converter Calculator computes the value of time spent on an activity and its equivalent in monetary value (hourly, daily, monthly, yearly). It is a flexible tool that allows you to convert your annual remuneration to an hourly paycheck, recalculate monthly wages to an hourly rate, weekly rate to a yearly wage, etc. This salary converter does it all very quickly and easily, saving you time and effort.

13. Retail Sales (Retailer's) Calculator - === Retail Sales ===

14. salary converter 21j01abt039 - This calculator combines some of the tools allowing you to make estimates used in salary negotiations and plans for changes to your overall benefits package.

15. SALARY CONVERTER AND CALCULATOR -  

16. Salary Coverter and Estimator - This calculator combines some of the tools allowing you to make estimates used in salary negotiations and plans for changes to your overall benefits package.

17. Salary Estimation Calculator - Salary Estimation Calculator is used to compute the value of time spent on a task and equate it to a monetary value (hourly, daily, monthly and annually). Salary estimation calculator is the solution to the challenges faced by average-earnings businesses in terms of salary and wage remuneration.

18. Total Expenditure on Wages Calculator. - The total expenditure on wages calculator is used to estimate  the total amount of wages that an employer will incur with respect to a given period of time. This will help the company evaluate the feasibility of the wage payment of the company.

1. Advertising ROI - The Advertising ROI calculator computes the νmber of units sales needed to cover cost of advertising.

2. Cost of Equity (CAPM) - The cost of equity calculator computes the cost of equity ( r_a) for an individual asset, an individual security or portfolio.

3. FCFF - First vCalc Equation

4. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index - The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) calculator computes the HHI market concentration index for a list of companies based on their market share.

5. Hourly Wage - The Hourly Wage Calculator calculator computes gross annual, monthly, semi-monthly, bi-weekly and weekly pay based on an hourly wage and hours per week. 

6. Implied Repo Rate - The Implied Repo Rate calculator compute the Implied Repo Rate based on the Invoice Price, Purchase Price of Bond, Day Base, and days to Delivery.

7. Optimal Value of Variable Cost per Unit - The Optimal Value of Variable Cost Per Unit Time calculator computes the Optimal Value of Variable Cost Per Unit Time based on the Reorder Cost, Demand, and the Holding Cost.

8. Salary Comparison

9. Salary to Hourly Pay - - The Hourly Pay Rate calculator computes the dollars per hour associated with an annual salary.

10. Terminal Value - The Terminal Value calculator computes the terminal value of a company accounting for future cash flow.

11. Total Interest - The Total Interest calculator computes the total interest paid over a fixed rate loan based on the original principle, the monthly payments and the νmber of payments.

12. Variable Cost Per Unit Time - The Variable Cost Per Unit Time calculator computes the Variable Cost Per Unit Time based on the Reorder Cost, Demand, Order Quantity and the Holding Cost.

1. Basic Investor Calculators - Basic Investor Calculators

2. Production Calculator Info - Production Calculator

1. Cable and Conduit Calc - The Cable and Conduit Calculator contains functions and data for installing Conduits and Cable.

2. Rough-in Construction - The Rough-in Construction suite includes calculators and data associated with construction after framing and roofing but prior to finishing.  These functions include the following:

1. Cable Anchor Force - The Cable Anchor Force calculator estimates the force applied to the anchor points on a length of cable based on the span, sag and weight of cable.

2. Cable Loss Budget - The Fiber-optic Cable dB Loss Budget calculator computes the transmission loss budget (allowance) in dB over a distance of fiber optic cable based on the length of the cable (L), type of cable (FT), νmber of connectors (C), the dB loss per connector (CL), the νmber of splices (S), and the dB loss per connector (CL). 

3. Cable Mid-span Tension - The Cable Mid-span Tension calculator computes mid-span tension on a cable based on the span, sag and horizontal load.

4. dB Loss Calc - The dB Loss calculator computes the dB loss over a distance (L) including nominal rate of loss per kilometer (LL) and losses associated with any νmber of step downs in two types of loss sources (e.g. relays, connectors or splices).

5. Length of Cable with Sag - The Length of Cable with Sag calculator estimates the length of cable based on the span and sag.

6. Nodal Delay - The Nodal Delay calculator computes the sum of the processing, queuing, transmission, and propagation delay in a network. 

7. Price for Length - The Price for a Length or Distance calculator computes the total price for something based on the length or distance (L) at a unit price (UP) per unit length or distance.

8. Price per Distance - The Price per Distance calculator computes the total price for something based on the distance (L) at a unit price (UP) per unit distance.

9. Price per Unit - The Price per Unit calculator computes the price to buy or sell a νmber of items based on the total νmber bought or sold (A) of a product at a unit price (UP) per unit νmber (B).

10. Propagation Delay - The Propagation Delay calculator computes the propagation delay based on the positions of two routers and the propagation speed.

11. Surge Impedance Loading - The Surge Impedance Loading calculator computes the power loading of a transmission line based on the line to line voltage and the surge impedance.

12. Unit Price per Length - The Unit Price per Length calculator computes the price per unit length for something based on the total length or distance (TL) and the total (TP) total price per length or distance.

1. Cable Calculator Information - Cable Calculators

2. Telecommunications Calculators List - Telecommunications Calculators

1. Calories Burned Calculator - The Calories Burned Calculator provides functions to compute the νmber of food calories (kcal) burned doing different activities for a period of time.

1. Calories Burned Canoeing - The Calories Burned Canoeing calculator computes the calories burned paddling a canoe based on the effort level, weight of person and the duration of time paddling.

2. Calories Burned Cross-country Skiing - The Calories Burned Cross-country Skiing calculator computes the calories burned cross-country skiing based on the effort level of skiing, weight of person and the duration of time cross-country skiing.

3. Calories Burned Cycling a Distance - The Calories Burned Cycling a Distance calculator computes the calories based on the distance travelled cycling, weight of person and the duration of time to travel distance cycling.

4. Calories Burned Cycling at Speed - The Calories Burned Cycling at Speed calculator computes the calories based on the approximate speed, weight of person and the duration of time cycling.

5. Calories Burned Downhill Skiing - The Calories Burned Downhill Skiing calculator computes the calories burned downhill skiing based on the weight of person and the duration of time skiing.

6. Calories Burned Golfing - The Calories Burned Golfing calculator computes the calories burned golfing based on the effort level (carrying clubs, club cart, electric cart), weight of person and the duration of time golfing.

7. Calories Burned Hiking - The Calories Burned Hiking calculator computes the calories burned hiking based on the weight of person and the duration of time hiking.

8. Calories Burned Horseback Riding - The Calories Burned Horseback Riding calculator computes the calories burned horseback riding based on the activity level, weight of person and the duration of time horseback riding.

9. Calories Burned in Aerobics - The Calories Burned in Aerobic calculator computes the calories based on the type of aerobic exercise activity, weight of person and the duration of time in exercise.

10. Calories Burned Jumping Rope - The Calories Burned Jumping Rope calculator computes the calories burned doing jump-rope exercise based on the effort level, weight of person and the duration of time jumping rope.

11. Calories Burned Kayaking - The Calories Burned Kayaking calculator computes the calories burned kayaking based on the weight of person and the duration of time kayaking.

12. Calories Burned Mowing Grass - The Calories Burned Mowing Grass calculator estimates the calories burned cutting grass based on the method used (walking or riding mower), weight of person and the duration of time mowing grass.

13. Calories Burned Running a Distance - The Calories Burned Running a Distance calculator computes the calories burned running based on the distance run, weight of person and the duration of time to run the distance.

14. Calories in Beer - The Calories Drinking Beer calculator computes the calories consumed in drinking beer based on the νmber of beers and the calories per beer.

15. Calories to Beers - The Calories to Beers calculator estimates the νmber of beers consumed to match a νmber of calories (kcal) .

16. Great Northern Beans - Calories - 1 cup of great northern beans is about 209 calories. 

17. Mowing 4 Sided non-Squared Lawn - The Mowing 4 Sided non-Square Lawn calculator estimates the area, distance walked, calories burned mowing and time required to mow a four sided shaped area of grass based on the length of the four sides and a diagonal.

18. Mowing 5 Sided Lawn - The Mowing 5 Sided Lawn calculator estimates the area, distance walked, calories burned mowing and time required to mow a five sided shaped area of grass based on the length of the five sides and two diagonals.

19. Mowing Calculator - The Mowing Calculator estimates the distance walked, calories burned and time required to mow an area of grass based on the size of the area, persons weight, width of mower, mower speed and whether riding or pushing the mower.

20. Mowing Rectangle - The Mowing Rectangle calculator estimates the distance walked, calories burned and time required to mow an area of grass based on the length and width of the rectangular area, persons weight, width of mower, mower speed and whether riding or pushing the mower.

21. Mowing Triangle - The Mowing Triangle calculator estimates the distance walked, calories burned and time required to mow an area of grass based on the length of three sides of the triangular area, persons weight, width of mower, mower speed and whether riding or pushing the mower.

22. Resting Metabolic Rate for Women - The Resting Metabolic Rate for Women calculates a womans resting metabolic rate given her weight, height, and age. These particular equation does not account for activity level and only calculates the lower boundary of a persons metabolic rate during complete rest.

23. Watts to Calories per Minute - == THIS EQUATION ==

1. 1% Cottage Cheese - Calories - 1 cup of 1% Cottage Cheese is about 164 calories. 

2. 1% Milk Calories - 1 cup of 1% milk is about 105 calories. 

3. 2% Milk - Calories - 1 cup of 2% milk is about 122 calories.

4. 4% Cottage Cheese Large Curd - Calories - 1 cup of 4% large curd cottage cheese is about 233 calories. 

5. 4% Cottage Cheese Small Curd - Calories - 1 cup of 4% Small Curd Cottage Cheese is about 217 calories. 

6. Almond Butter - Calories - 1 tablespoon of almond butter is about 98 calories. 

7. Almonds - Calories - 1 ounce of whole almonds is about 164 calories. 

8. American Cheese - Calories - 1 slice of American cheese is about 77 calories. 

9. Anchovies - Calories - 1 can of anchovies is about 95 calories. 

10. Apple - Calories - 1 medium apple is about 104 calories. 

11. Apple Cider - Calories - 1 cup of apple cider is about 120 calories. 

12. Apple Sauce (Sweetened) - Calories - 1 cup of sweetened apple sauce is about 194 calories. 

13. Apple Sauce (Unsweetened) - Calories - 1 cup of unsweetened apple sauce is about 105 calories. 

14. Artichoke Hearts - Calories - 0.5 cup of artichoke hearts is about 50 calories. 

15. Asparagus - Calories - 0.5 cup of chopped asparagus is about 13 calories. 

16. Avocado - Calories - 1 medium avocado is about 240 calories. 

17. Bacon - Calories - 1 slice of bacon is about 40 calories. 

18. Baked Beans - Calories - 1 cup of baked beans is about 137 calories. 

19. Banana - Calories - 1 medium banana is about 105 calories. 

20. Banana Bread - Calories - 1 slice of banana bread is about 200 calories. 

21. Barbecue Corn Χps - Calories - 1 ounce of barbecue corn χps is about 148 calories. 

22. Beef Bologna - Calories - 1 slice of beef bologna is about 90 calories. 

23. Beef Stew (Canned) - Calories - 1 cup of canned beef stew is about 218 calories. 

24. Beets - Calories - 0.5 cups of beets is about 29 calories. 

25. Black Beans - Calories - 0.5 cup of black beans is about 110 calories. 

26. Black Olives - Calories - 1 tablespoon of black olives is about 25 calories. 

27. Blueberries - Calories - 1 cup of blueberries is about 42 calories. 

28. Bok Choy - Calories - 1 leaf of bok choy is about 2 calories. 

29. Brazil Νt - Calories - 1 ounce of brazil νts is about 186 calories. 

30. Breaded and Fried Shrimp - Calories - 6-8 breaded and fried shrimp are about 454 calories. 

31. Broccoli - Calories - 1 cup of broccoli is about 30 calories. 

32. Brown Rice (Cooked) - Calories - 1 cup of cooked brown rice is about 248 calories.

33. Brussel Sprouts - Calories - 1 cup of brussel sprouts is about 39 calories. 

34. Butter Croissant - Calories - 1 butter croissant is about 231 calories. 

35. Butternut Squash - Calories - 1 cup of butternut squash is about 18 calories. 

36. Cabbage - Calories - 1 cup of chopped cabbage is about 22 calories. 

37. Canadian Bacon - Calories - 2 slices of canadian bacon is about 86 calories. 

38. Canned Sardines - Calories - 3 ounces of sardines canned in oil is about 177 calories. 

39. Canned Tuna - Calories - 1 can of tuna is about 120 calories. 

40. Canola Oil - Calories - 1 tablespoon of canola oil is about 124 calories. 

41. Carrot - Calories - 1 medium carrot is about 25 calories. 

42. Cashews - Calories - 1 ounce of cashews is about 157 calories. 

43. Catfish - Calories - 1 fillet of catfish is about 120 calories. 

44. Cauliflower - Calories - 1 cup of raw cauliflower is about 25 calories. 

45. Cheese Danish - Calories - 1 cheese danish is about 353 calories. 

46. Cheeseburger - calories - 1 cheeseburger is about 300 calories. 

47. Chocolate Coated Peanuts - Calories - 10 chocolate coated peanuts is about 208 calories. 

48. Chocolate Coated Raisins - Calories - 10 chocolate coated raisins is about 39 calories. 

49. Chocolate Frozen Yogurt - Calories - 0.5 cup of chocolate frozen yogurt is about 115 calories.

50. Chocolate Ice Cream - Calories - 0.5 cup of chocolate ice cream is about 143 calories. 

51. Chocolate Milk - Calories - 1 cup of chocolate milk is about 209 calories. 

52. Chocolate Shake - Calories - 16 fluid ounces of a chocolate shake is about 423 calories. 

53. Chocolate Χp Cookie - Calories - 1 regular chocolate χp cookie is about 78 calories. 

54. Chopped Hazelnuts - Calories - 1 cup of chopped hazelnuts is about 722 calories. 

55. Cinnamon Raisin Bagel - Calories - 1 (3.5 in) cinnamon raisin bagel is about 195 calories. 

56. Clams - Calories - 15 clams is about 230 calories. 

57. Coconut - Calories - 1 cup of raw coconut is about 283 calories. 

58. Coconut Flakes - Calories - 1 teaspoon of coconut flakes is about 70 calories.  

59. Coffee - Calories - 1 cup of coffee is about 1 calorie. 

60. Cola - Calories - 1 can of cola is about 138 calories.

61. Coleslaw - Calories - 3/4 cup of coleslaw is about 147 calories. 

62. Cooked Barley - Calories - 1 cup of cooked barley is about 193 calories. 

63. Corn Oil - Calories - 1 tablespoon of corn oil is about 120 calories. 

64. Cornstarch - Calories - 1 tablespoon of cornstarch is about 30 calories. 

65. Crab - Calories - 1 whole crab is about 97 calories. 

66. Cream - Calories - 1 tablespoon of cream is about 99 calories. 

67. Cream of Wheat - Calories - 1 cup of cream of wheat is about 133 calories. 

68. Cream of Μshroom - Calories - 1 cup of cream of μshroom soup is about 129 calories. 

69. Cream of Χcken - Calories - 1 cup of cream of χcken is about 117 calories. 

70. Cucumber - Calories - 1 large cucumber is about 34 calories. 

71. Dandelion Greens - calories - 1 cup of dandelion greens is about 35 calories. 

72. Dates - Calories - 1 date is about 23 calories. 

73. Dinner Rolls - Calories - 1 dinner roll is about 84 calories. 

74. Dried Figs - Calories - 2 dried figs is about 97 calories. 

75. Edamame - Calories - 0.5 cup of edamame is about 100 calories. 

76. Egg - Calories - 1 large egg is about 72 calories.

77. Eggplant - Calories - 1 cup of eggplant is about 28 calories. 

78. English Μffin - Calories - 1 english μffin is about 134 is about calories. 

79. Falafel - Calories - 1 ball of falafel is about 57 calories. 

80. Fat Free Cream - Calories - 1 tablespoon of fat free cream is about 15 calories. 

81. Feta Cheese - Calories - 1 ounce of feta cheese is about 75 calories. 

82. Fig Bar - Calories - 1 fig bar is about 56 calories. 

83. Flounder - Calories - 3 ounces of flounder is about 99 calories. 

84. French Toast Sticks - Calories - 5 french toast sticks is about 513 calories. 

85. Fruit Danish - Calories - 1 fruit danish is about 335 calories. 

86. Fruit Punch - Calories - 8 fluid ounces of fruit punch is about 117 calories. 

87. Fruitcake - Calories - 1 πece of fruitcake is about 139 calories.

88. Garlic - Calories - 1 clove of garlic is about 4 calories. 

89. Ginger Ale - Calories - 12 fluid ounces of ginger ale is about 124 calories. 

90. Gouda Cheese - Calories - 1 slice of gouda cheese is about 75 calories. 

91. Grape Juice - Calories - 8 fluid ounces of grape juice is about 113 calories. 

92. Grape Soda - Calories - 12 fluid ounces of grape soda is about 160 calories. 

93. Grapes - Calories - 1 cup of grapes is about 104 calories. 

94. Green Olives - Calories - 1 tablespoon of green olives is about 25 calories.

95. Grits - Calories - 1 cup of grits is about 143 calories. 

96. Ground Beef 73% Lean - Calories - 3 ounces of 73% lean ground beef is about 246 calories. 

97. Ground Beef 79% Lean - Calories - 3 ounces of 79% lean ground beef is about 231 calories. 

98. Ground Beef 83% Lean - Calories - 3 ounces of 83% lean ground beef is about 218 calories. 

99. Haddock - Calories - 3 ounces of haddock is about 95 calories. 

100. Halibut - Calories - 7 ounces of halibut is about 220 calories. 

101. Ham - Calories - 1 cup of lean ham is about 203 calories. 

102. Honey - Calories - 1 teaspoon of honey is about 21 calories. 

103. Honey Wheat Bread - Calories - 1 slice of honey wheat bread is about 90 calories. 

104. Honeydew - Calories - 1 cup of honeydew is about 60 calories. 

105. Hummus - Calories - 1 tablespoon of hummus is about 39 calories. 

106. Hush Puppies - Calories - 5 hush puppies is about 257 calories. 

107. Imitation Crab - Calories - 3 ounces of imitation crab is about 87 calories.

108. Jalapeños - Calories - 1 cup of jalapeños is about 26 calories. 

109. Kaiser Roll - Calories - 1 kaiser roll is about 167 calories. 

110. Kale - Calories - 1 cup of chopped kale is about 9 calories. 

111. Ketchup - Calories - 1 tablespoon of ketchup is about 17 calories. 

112. Kidney Beans - Calories - 1 cup of kidney beans is about 110 calories. 

113. Kiwi - Calories - 1 kiwi is about 44 calories. 

114. Lean Beef - Calories - 4 ounces of lean beef is about 170 calories.

115. Lemon - Calories - 1 lemon is about 17 calories. 

116. Lemon Lime Soda - Calories - 12 fluid ounces of lemon lime soda is about 147 calories. 

117. Lentils. - Calories - 1 cup of lentils is about 230 calories. 

118. Lima Beans - Calories - 1 cup of lima beans is about 217 calories. 

119. Lobster - Calories - 3 ounces of lobster is about 83 calories. 

120. Low Fat Cream - Calories - 1 tablespoon of low fat cream is about 35 calories. 

121. Macadamia Νts - Calories - 1 ounce of macadamia νts is about 204 calories. 

122. Mango - Calories - 0.5 cup of mango is about 50 calories. 

123. Maple Syrup - Calories - 1 tablespoon of maple syrup is about 52 calories. 

124. Marshmallow - Calories - 1 regular marshmallow is about 23 calories. 

125. Mashed Potatoes - 3/4 cup of mashed potatoes is about 66 calories.

126. Minestrone - Calories - 1 cup of minestrone is about 82 calories. 

127. Miniature Marshmallows - Calories - 1 cup of miniature marshmallows is about 159 calories. 

128. Navy Beans - Calories - 1 cup of navy beans is about 258 calories. 

129. Nectarine - Calories - 1 (2.5 in) nectarine is about 67 calories. 

130. New England Clam Chowder - Calories - 1 cup of New England clam chowder is about 164 calories. 

131. Nonfat Greek Yogurt - Calories - 1 cup of nonfat greek yogurt is about 149 calories. 

132. Okra - Calories - 1 cup  of raw okra is about 51 calories. 

133. Olive Oil - Calories - 1 tablespoon of olive oil is about 119 calories. 

134. Onion Rings - Calories - 8-9 onion rings is about 276 calories. 

135. Onions - Calories - 1 cup of chopped onion is about 61 calories. 

136. Orange Soda - Calories - 12 fluid ounces of orange soda is about 179 calories. 

137. Oyster Cracker - Calories - 1 cup of oyster crackers is about 195 calories. 

138. Pancake - Calories - 1 (4in diameter) pancake is about 74 calories. 

139. Papaya - Calories - 1 (5.125in long, 3in diameter) papaya is about 119 calories. 

140. Parsley - Calories - 10 sprigs of parsley is about 4 calories. 

141. Peanut Butter (Calories) - Calories - 1 tablespoon of chunky peanut butter is about 94 calories. 

142. Peanut Butter - Calories - 1 tablespoon of peanut butter is about 96 calories. 

143. Peanut Oil - Calories - 1 tablespoon of peanut oil is about 119 calories. 

144. Peanuts - Calories - 1 ounce of peanuts is about 161 calories. 

145. Pecans - Calories - 0.25 cup of pecans is about 173 calories. 

146. Pepper Jack Cheese - Calories - 1 slice of pepper jack cheese is about 80 calories>

147. Pepperoni - Calories - 1 slice of pepperoni is about 10 calories. 

148. Plain Bagel - Calories - 1 (3.5 in) plain bagel is about 195 calories. 

149. Plain Corn Χps - Calories - 1 ounce of plain corn χps is about 153 calories. 

150. Plum - Calories - 1 plum (2.125 in) is about 36 calories. 

151. Pollock - Calories - 3 ounces of pollock is about 96 calories. 

152. Pork Chop (Lean) - Calories - 3 ounces of lean pork chop is about 133 calories. 

153. Pork Chop - Calories - 3 ounces of pork chop is about 207 calories. 

154. Pork Tenderloin - Calories - 1 pork tenderloin is about 120 calories. 

155. Potato - Calories - 1 medium potato is about 110 calories. 

156. Potato Gnocchi - Calories - 1 cup of potato gnocchi is about calories. 

157. Provolone - Calories - 1 ounce of provolone cheese is about 100 calories. 

158. Quinoa (Cooked) - Calories - 0.5 cup of cooked quinoa is about 111 calories. 

159. Raisins - Calories - 1 cup of seedless raisins is about 435 calories. 

160. Raspberries - Calories - 1 cup of raw raspberries is about 60 calories. 

161. Raw Ginger - Calories - 1 tablespoon of ginger is about 5 calories. 

162. Raw Oyster - Calories - 1 cup of raw oysters is about 169 calories. 

163. Refried Beans - Calories - 1 cup of refried beans is about 237 calories. 

164. Roasted Chestnuts - Calories - 1 cup of shelled, roasted chestnuts is about 350 calories. 

165. Rockfish - Calories - 3 ounces of rockfish is about 103 calories. 

166. Root Beer - Calories - 1 can of root beer is about 152 calories. 

167. Rye Bread - Calories - 1 slice of rye bread is about 83 calories. 

168. Salmon - Calories - 1 fillet of salmon is about 280 calories. 

169. Salted Butter - Calories - 1 teaspoon of salted butter is about 32 calories. 

170. Saltine Cracker - Calories - 4 saltine crackers is about 52 calories. 

171. Seasoned Croutons - Calories - 1 cup of seasoned croutons is about 186 calories. 

172. Sesame Oil - Calories - 1 tablespoon of sesame oil is about 120 calories. 

173. Sesame Seeds - Calories - 1 tablespoon of sesame seeds is about 47 calories. 

174. Shrimp - Calories - 3 ounces of shrimp is about 83 calories. 

175. Small Cheese Πzza - Calories - 1 small slice of cheese πzza is about 180 calories. 

176. Soy Milk - Calories - 1 cup of soy milk is about 81 calories. 

177. Soybeans - Calories - 1 cup of soybeans is about 298 calories. 

178. Spinach - Calories - 1 cup of spinach is about 7 calories. 

179. Steamed Scallops - Calories - 3 ounces of steamed scallops is about 95 calories. 

180. Strawberries - Calories - 1 cup of strawberries is about 57 calories. 

181. Summer Squash - Calories - 0.5 cup of summer squash is about 9 calories. 

182. Sunflower Oil - Calories - 1 tablespoon of sunflower is about 120 calories. 

183. Sunflower Seeds - Calories - 1 ounce of sunflower seeds is about 165 calories. 

184. Swai - Calories - 1 fillet of swai is about 80 calories. 

185. Sweet Potato - Calories - 1 medium sweet potato is about 112.

186. Swiss Cheese - Calories - 1 ounce of swiss cheese is about 107 calories. 

187. Tahini - Calories - 1 tablespoon of tahini is about 89 calories. 

188. Tilapia - Calories - 1 fillet of tilapia is about 100 calories. 

189. Trout - Calories - 3 ounces of trout is about 144 calories. 

190. Turkey (Dark Meat) - Calories - 3 ounces of dark turkey meat is about 159 calories.

191. Turkey (Light Meat) - Calories - 3 ounces of light turkey meat is about 133 calories.

192. Unsalted Butter - Calories - 1 teaspoon of unsalted butter is about 32 calories. 

193. Unsweetened Almond Milk - Calories - 1 cup of unsweetened almond milk is about 35 calories. 

194. Vanilla Frozen Yogurt - Calories - 0.5 cup of vanilla frozen yogurt is about 114 calories. 

195. Vanilla Ice Cream (Reduced Fat) - Calories - 0.5 cup of reduced fat vanilla ice cream is about 92 calories. 

196. Vanilla Ice Cream - Calories - 0.5 cup of vanilla ice cream is about 133 calories. 

197. Vanilla Shake - Calories - 16 fluid ounces of a vanilla shake is about 370 calories. 

198. Venison - Calories - 4 ounces of venison is about 170 calories. 

199. Vienna Sausage - Calories - 1 vienna sausage is about 45 calories. 

200. Walnuts - Calories - 1 ounce of walnuts is about 186 calories. 

201. Watermelon - Calories - 1 cup of watermelon is about 46 calories. 

202. White Bread - Calories - 1 slice of white bread is about 60 calories. 

203. White Rice (Cooked) - Calories - 1 cup of cooked white rice is about 121 calories. 

204. Whole Grain - Calories - 1 cup of whole grain is about 442 calories. 

205. Whole Milk Greek Yogurt - Calories - 1 cup of whole milk greek yogurt is about 238 calories. 

206. Whole Oats - Calories - 0.5 cup of whole oats is about 150 calories. 

207. Whole Wheat Bread - Calories - 1 slice of whole wheat bread is about 91 calories. 

208. Whole Wheat Spaghetti Noodles - Calories - 1 cup of whole wheat spaghetti noodles is about 174 calories. 

209. Zucchini - Calories - 1 medium zucchini is about 33 calories. 

210. Μnster Cheese - Calories - 1 slice of Μnster cheese is about 80 calories. 

211. Μshroom - Calories - 1 cup of raw μshrooms is about 18 calories. 

212. Μstard - Calories - 1 teaspoon of μstard is about 3 calories. 

213. Πckled Herring - Calories - 3 ounces of πckled herring is about 223 calories. 

214. Πmento - Calories - 1 tablespoon  of πmento is about 3 calories. 

215. Πne Νts - Calories - 1 ounce of πne νts is about 160 calories. 

216. Πneapple - Calories - 1 cup of diced πneapple is about 76 calories. 

217. Πnto Beans - Calories - 1 cup of πnto beans is about 206 calories. 

218. Πstachios - Calories - 1 cup of shelled πstachios is about 161 calories. 

219. Χcken Breast - Calories - 1 χcken breast is about 211 calories. 

220. Χcken Liver - Calories - 1 χcken liver is about 31 calories. 

221. Χcken Noodle Soup - Calories - 1 cup of χcken noodle soup is about 75 calories. 

222. Χcken Thigh - Calories - 1 cup of χcken thigh meat is about 135 calories. 

223. Χcken Wing - Calories - 1 χcken wing is about 81 calories. 

1. Burning Calories Calculator Information - Calories Burned Calculators

1. Calories Burned Calculator - The Calories Burned Calculator provides functions to compute the νmber of food calories (kcal) burned doing different activities for a period of time.

1. Calories Burned Canoeing - The Calories Burned Canoeing calculator computes the calories burned paddling a canoe based on the effort level, weight of person and the duration of time paddling.

2. Calories Burned Cross-country Skiing - The Calories Burned Cross-country Skiing calculator computes the calories burned cross-country skiing based on the effort level of skiing, weight of person and the duration of time cross-country skiing.

3. Calories Burned Cycling a Distance - The Calories Burned Cycling a Distance calculator computes the calories based on the distance travelled cycling, weight of person and the duration of time to travel distance cycling.

4. Calories Burned Cycling at Speed - The Calories Burned Cycling at Speed calculator computes the calories based on the approximate speed, weight of person and the duration of time cycling.

5. Calories Burned Downhill Skiing - The Calories Burned Downhill Skiing calculator computes the calories burned downhill skiing based on the weight of person and the duration of time skiing.

6. Calories Burned Golfing - The Calories Burned Golfing calculator computes the calories burned golfing based on the effort level (carrying clubs, club cart, electric cart), weight of person and the duration of time golfing.

7. Calories Burned Hiking - The Calories Burned Hiking calculator computes the calories burned hiking based on the weight of person and the duration of time hiking.

8. Calories Burned Horseback Riding - The Calories Burned Horseback Riding calculator computes the calories burned horseback riding based on the activity level, weight of person and the duration of time horseback riding.

9. Calories Burned in Aerobics - The Calories Burned in Aerobic calculator computes the calories based on the type of aerobic exercise activity, weight of person and the duration of time in exercise.

10. Calories Burned Jumping Rope - The Calories Burned Jumping Rope calculator computes the calories burned doing jump-rope exercise based on the effort level, weight of person and the duration of time jumping rope.

11. Calories Burned Kayaking - The Calories Burned Kayaking calculator computes the calories burned kayaking based on the weight of person and the duration of time kayaking.

12. Calories Burned Mowing Grass - The Calories Burned Mowing Grass calculator estimates the calories burned cutting grass based on the method used (walking or riding mower), weight of person and the duration of time mowing grass.

13. Calories Burned Running a Distance - The Calories Burned Running a Distance calculator computes the calories burned running based on the distance run, weight of person and the duration of time to run the distance.

14. Calories to Beers - The Calories to Beers calculator estimates the νmber of beers consumed to match a νmber of calories (kcal) .

1. Base Fundamental Units Conversions - The Basic Fundamental Units Conversion calculaotr provides conversions between many of the commonly used base fundamental units: amount of substance, distance, electric current, intensity of light, mass, temperature, time

2. Boyle's Law - Table of contents

3. Boyle's Law Calculator - The Boyles Law Calculator computes the initial and final pressures and volumes based on Boyles Law equations: P₁ • V₁ = P₂ • V₂.  The calculator automatically handles νmerous pressure and volume units.   

4. Bragg's Law - The Braggs Law Calculator uses the Braggs Law equation  (n·λ = 2d·sinθ) to compute the distance between layers of atoms, wavelength, order of diffraction and the angle of incidence when an x-ray beam hits a crystal lattice structure.
                       n·λ = 2d·sinθ

5. Calculadora Para La Ley de Boyle - La calculadora de la Ley de Boyle calcula las presiónes y volumes iniciales y finales basados en las ecuaciónes de la Ley de Boyle: P₁ • V₁ = P₂ • V₂, donde P₁ es la presión inicial, V₁ es el volumen inicial, P₂ es la presión final y V₂ es el volumen final de una cantidad fija de gas a una temperatura constante. La calculadora maneja automáticamente νmerosas unidades de presión y volumen. Haga clic en uno de los siguientes parámetros:

6. Calculadora para la Ley de Charles - La calculadora de la Ley de Charles calcula los volúmenes y temperaturas iniciales y finales usando la ley de Charles: (V₁•T₂ = V₂•T₁ ). La calculadora entrega automáticamente νmerosas unidades de temperatura y volumen. La fórmula utilizada en estos cálculos se derivan todos de la simple relación de la ley de Charles (haga clic en un parámetro):

7. Calculadoras Para Encontrar pH y pOH - El ion hidrónico^[1] (H₃O⁺, también conocido como H⁺) y el ión de hidróξdo^[2] (OH^-) se pueden obtener a partir de una concentración conocida del otro ion y la ecuación K_w=[H⁺][OH^-]. Esta ecuación es conocido como el equilibrio de agua y se origina de la reacción ácido-base de agua, también conocido como autoionización de agua. Lo cual ocurre por el siguiente proceso, como se ilustra:

8. Charles Law Calculator - The Charles Law Calculator computes the initial and final volumes and temperatures using Charles Law: (V₁•T₂ = V₂•T₁ ).  The calculator automatically hands νmerous temperature and volume units .  The formula used in these computations are all derived from the simple Charles Law relationship (click on a parameter):

9. Chemistry 101 - The Chemistry 101 calculator provides equations and constants related to introductory university chemistry.  The functions available include topics that would be covered in a typical Chemistry 101 course, including introduction to the properties and characteristics of matter, the chemical foundations of matter, chemical equations, and the fundamentals of reactions.

10. Chemistry Calc - Chemistry Calculators

11. Chemistry Calculator - This calculator computes the following chemistry calculations:

12. CHM1 11 Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Co -

13. CHM1 11 Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes -

14. CHM1 11 Colloids Collection -

15. CHM1 11 Dissolution of Gases in Liquids Collection -

16. CHM1 11 Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids Collection -

17. CHM1 11 Dissolution of Solids in Liquids Collection -

18. CHM1 11 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility Collec -

19. CHM1 11 End of Chapter Problems Collection -

20. CHM1 11 Fractional Distillation Collection -

21. CHM1 11 Molality and Mole Fractions Collection -

22. CHM1 11 Molecular Weight by BP Elevation and FP Depression Colle -

23. CHM1 11 Osmotic Pressure Collection -

24. CHM1 11 Rates of Dissociation and Saturation Collection -

25. CHM1 11 Solubility Collection -

26. CHM1 11 Vapor Pressure Collection -

27. CHM1 12 Bond Energies Collection -

28. CHM1 12 Calorimetry Collection -

29. CHM1 12 Dispersal of Energy and Matter Collection -

30. CHM1 12 End-of-Chapter Problems Collection -

31. CHM1 12 Enthalpy and Internal Energy Collection -

32. CHM1 12 Enthalpy Collection -

33. CHM1 12 Entropy Collection -

34. CHM1 12 Free Energy Collection -

35. CHM1 12 Hess's Law Collection -

36. CHM1 12 Internal Energy Collection -

37. CHM1 12 Molar Enthalpies of Formation Collection -

38. CHM1 12 Spontaneity Collection -

39. CHM1 12 Standard States Collection -

40. CHM1 12 Temperature Dependence of Free Energy Collection -

41. CHM1 12 Thermochemical Equations Collection -

42. CHM1 12 Thermodynamics and the 1st Law Collection -

43. CHM1 12 Thermodynamics Terms and Conventions Collection -

44. CHM1 13 Catalysts Collection -

45. CHM1 13 Collision Theory of Reaction Rates Collection -

46. CHM1 13 Concentration of Reactants: Rate-Law Expressions Collect -

47. CHM1 13 End-of-Chapter Problems Collection -

48. CHM1 13 Introduction Collection -

49. CHM1 13 Reaction Mechanisms Collection -

50. CHM1 13 Temperature Collection -

51. CHM1 13 The Integrated Rate Equations Collection -

52. CHM1 13 The Rate of a Reaction Collection Collection -

53. CHM1 14 Amphoterism Collection -

54. CHM1 14 Autoionization of Water Collection -

55. CHM1 14 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs Collection -

56. CHM1 14 End-of-Chapter Problems Collection -

57. CHM1 14 Example 2 Collection -

58. CHM1 14 Example 3 Collection -

59. CHM1 14 Example 4 Collection -

60. CHM1 14 Example 5 Collection -

61. CHM1 14 Example 7 Collection -

62. CHM1 14 Hydronium and Hydroxide Ions Collection -

63. CHM1 14 Introduction Collection -

64. CHM1 14 Lewis Theory Collection -

65. CHM1 14 Strong Acids and Bases Collection -

66. CHM1 14 The Arrhenius Theory Collection -

67. CHM1 14 The Bronsted-Lowry Theory Collection -

68. CHM1 14 Weak Acids and Bases Collection -

69. CHM1 14Example1 Collection -

70. CHM1 15 End-of-Chapter Problems Collection -

71. CHM1 15 Example 1 Collection -

72. CHM1 15 Example 2 Collection -

73. CHM1 15 Molarity Tables and Calculations Collection -

74. CHM1 15 Titration Calculations Collection -

75. CHM1 15 Titrations Collection -

76. CHM1 16 Addition of a Catalyst Collection -

77. CHM1 16 Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems Collection -

78. CHM1 16 Calculations with the Equilibrium Constant Collection -

79. CHM1 16 Changes in Concentration Collection -

80. CHM1 16 Changes in Temperature Collection -

81. CHM1 16 Changes in Volume and Pressure Collection -

82. CHM1 16 Disturbing a System at Equilibrium Collection -

83. CHM1 16 End-of-Chapter Problems Collection -

84. CHM1 16 Equilibrium Constant Collection -

85. CHM1 16 Example 2 Collection -

86. CHM1 16 Example 3 Collection -

87. CHM1 16 Example 6 Collection -

88. CHM1 16 Gibbs Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant Collectio -

89. CHM1 16 Haber Process Collection -

90. CHM1 16 Introduction Collection -

91. CHM1 16 Reaction Quotient Collection -

92. CHM1 16 Van't Hoff Equation Collection -

93. CHM1 17 pH and pOH Collection -

94. CHM1 17 Qualitative Description of Acid–Base Equilibriums Collec -

95. CHM1 Acid-Base Rxns Collection -

96. CHM1 Index Collection -

Chem 106 (Prep Site SP 16) Index

97. Gay-Lussac's Law (of temperature/pressure) Calculator - The Gay-Lussacs Law calculator computes the initial and final pressure and temperature of an ideal gas based on Gay-Lussacs formula (T₁•P₂=T₂•P₁).  The calculator automatically handles νmerous temperature and pressure units.  All of these calculations presume the volume and mass of the ideal gas remains static throughout.  Gay-Lussac formula is:

98. General Chemistry Collection - General Chemistry equations at the undergraduate level. Calculators for the following formulas are available via the buttons on the right.

99. La Ley de Bragg - La ecuación de La Ley de Bragg, nλ = 2dsinθ, describe la relación entre los diferente variables (los variables estan abajo) cuando un rayo x choca con una estructura de red cristalina. Esta fórmula se usa solamente para estructuras de cristalina: si se usa para otros materials, los resultados de las calculadoras no son corrrecto. Se puede reorganiza la ecuación y usar la para resolver lo que sea variable en la ecuación. Esta ecuación resuelve para las variables n, d, or λ.

100. LM 26.1 Atoms Collection - 26.1 Atoms by Benjamin Crowell, books/lm/ch26/ch26.html#Section26.1>Light and Matter  licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

101. LM 26.4 The nucleus Collection - 26.4 The νcleus by Benjamin Crowell, books/lm/ch26/ch26.html#Section26.4>Light and Matter  licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

102. LM 33.4 Exponential decay and half-life Collection - 33.4 Exponential decay and half-life by Benjamin Crowell, books/lm/ch33/ch33.html#Section33.3>Light and Matter  licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

103. LM 33.5 Applications of calculus Collection - 33.5 Applications of calculus  by Benjamin Crowell, books/lm/ch33/ch33.html#Section33.5>Light and Matter  licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license.

104. Measurement of Concentration - The Measurement of Concentration Calculator computes the percent concentration based on an amount of solute and an amount of solution.  The three functions are:

105. pH/pOH - [[Hydronium ion>>/equation/?uuid=3b5ed9a1-1863-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2||rel=__blank]]^[1] (H₃O^+, also known as H+) and the[[ hydroxide ion>>/equation/?uuid=96d941ef-1864-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2||rel=__blank]]^[2] (OH^{^-^^)} can be obtained from a known concentration of the other ion and the equation K_w=[H^{^+^^][OH^^-^^].} This equation is known as [[equilibrium of water>>url:http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/kw.html]] and originates from the [[acid-base reaction>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction]] of water, also known as autoionization of water. Which occurs by the following process, as illustrated:

106. Rate Law - The Rate Law calculator has rate of reaction functions for Zero Order, First Order and Second Order reactions as follows:

107. Titration of weak acid with a strong base -

What is a titration?

1. Absorbance - The absorbance equation calculates the amount of energy absorbed by a molecule when the molecule is excited by a [[photon>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon||rel=__blank]], and is promoted from the ground state (lowest energy level) to an excited state. This is demonstrated in an image below.

2. Absorbance - In spectroscopy, absorbance (also called optical density) is the logarithmic ratio of radiation falling upon a material, to the radiation transmitted through the material. In physics, this means the fraction of radiation absorbed at a specific wavelength.

3. Absorption (from EBC)

4. Acentric Factor - The Acentric Factor calculator computes the factor based on the reduced pressure.

5. Acentric Factor (p^"sat", p_c) - This equation computes the acentric factor (ω)^[1], a measure of the non-sphericity of molecules.

6. Activation Energy - The activation energy, E_a, is the minimum energy molecules μst possess in order to form a product. In other words, the activation energy is the minimum energy that μst be input to an amount of chemical reactants to cause a chemical reaction.

7. Adjusted Retention time - The Adjusted Retention Time calculator computes the time it takes for retained solute to travel through the length of the column.

8. Amount of Water and Anhydrous Compound Calculator - The Amount of Water and Anhydrous Compound Calculator uses the mass of the sample, moles of water, moles of anhydrous compound, and the molecular weights of water and the compound to find the theoretical weight of the anhydrous compound and water.

9. Antes del Punto de Equivalencia - La ecuación para titulación II calcula el pH de la solución antes que se llega al punto de equivalencia.

10. Antes que se Añade una Base Fuerte a un ácido débil - La ecuación para titulación I calcula el pH de la solución antes que se añade una base fuerte a un ácido débil.

11. Arrhenius Activation Energy for Two Temperature - The Arrhenius Activation Energy for Two Temperature calculator uses the Arrhenius equation to compute activation energy based on two temperatures and two reaction rate constants.

12. Arrhenius Equation - The Arrhenius Equation calculator computes the chemical reaction rate (k) based on a collision rate (A), activation energy (E_a) and a temperature (T).

13. Atomic Mass Deficiency - The Atomic Mass Deficiency calculator computes the difference between the components of an atom (protons, neutrons and electrons) and the measure weight of the atom.

14. Atomic Weight - This equation will return the Atomic Weight of the selected element. The element symbols are listed in αbetic order.

15. Atomic Weight of Soil Νtrients - The Atomic Weight of Soil Νtrients equation returns return the Atomic Weight of the selected νtrient.  The element symbols are listed in αbetic order.

16. Balance de Carga - La ecuación del balance de carga se usa para resolver la concentración de un ion que falta. Esta ecuación de neutralidad está diseñada de manera que las concnetraciones de molaridad de los cationes junto con sus coeficientes de carga iguales a las concentraciones de molaridad de los aniones y sus coeficientes de carga.

17. Balance de Masa - La ecuación del balance de masa calcula la concentración desconocida de la partícula disociada (el anión). La ecuación se basa en el teorema de conservación de la materia, dónde la cantidad de lo que se puso en la solución debe permanecer en la solución.

18. Balmer-Rydberg Equation - The Balmer-Rydberg Equation calculator computes the wavelength corresponding to the hydrogen atoms energy level differences when an electric current is passed through hydrogen gas at a low pressure. 

19. Beers Law - The Beer-Lamberts law or simply Beers law calculates the absorptivity of a sample based on the analyte concentration, path length and the molar absorptivity of the analyte. Beers law is highly useful in spectrophotometry. There are several conditions for when the law is applicable, 1) monochromatic radiation is used, 2) when the chromophore concentrations is less than ~~0.01M, 3) when the absorbing species is not participating in a concentration dependent equilibrium.

20. Boiling Point Elevation - The Solvent Boiling Point Elevation calculator computes the change in the boiling temperature (ΔT_b) of a solvent based on the νmber of moles of solute (n), the mass of the solvent (M), the ebullioscopic constant (K_b) and the vant Hoff factor.

21. Boyles Law (final pressure) - The Boyles Law for Final Pressure calculator computes the final pressure (P₂) of a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature after it undergoes a change in state from an initial volume (V₁) and pressure (P₁) to a final volume (V₂).

22. Boyles Law (final volume) - The Boyles Law for Final Volume calculator computes the final volume (V₂) of a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature before it undergoes a change in state from an initial pressure (P₁) and volume (V₁) to a final pressure (P₂).

23. Boyles Law (initial pressure) -  The Boyles Law for Initial Pressure calculator computes the initial pressure (P₁) of a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature before it undergoes a change in state from an initial volume (V₁) to a final volume (V₂) and pressure (P₂).

24. Boyles Law (initial volume) - The Boyles Law for Initial Volume calculator computes the initial volume (V₁) of a fixed amount of gas at a fixed temperature before it undergoes a change in state from an initial pressure (P₁) to a final volume (V₂) and final pressure (P₂).

25. Buoyancy Equation - The buoyancy equation in chemistry, is used to correct the mass obtained from a measurement made on a balance, specifically when the mass obtained from the balance does not correspond to the objects [[standard mass density>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_baseunit||rel=__blank]]. In physics buoyancy is defined as the upward force on an object which is found in air, gas or liquid.

26. Calculadora para encontrar pH con pOH y pKw - pH^{^[1]^^ style=font-size: 11.25px; %) (>}es la medición de la acidez de una solución. La medición de pH se deriva de la medida de la concentración de iones hidronio. Puesto que la concentración de iones es pequeña en la solución, se convierte por la ecuaciónanterior en pH (la ecuación anterior es una derivación de una ecuación que se puede encontrar [[aquí>>/wiki/StMaryStudent/Calculadora+para+encontrar+pH+de+%5BH%2B%5D]]) y se compara con una escala. La escala de pH oscila entre 0 a 14, 0 siendo ácido y 14 siendo básico. En 25°C la concentración de cada ión (H⁺ and OH^{^-^^)} es 1.0x10^-7 (mol/L), cuando ambas concentraciones permanecen iguales, entonces la solución se convierte en neutro, que es un pH de 7 en la escala.

27. Calculadora Para Encontrar pKw - pK_w^{^[1]^^} es el logaritmo negativo de Kw, que es el equilibrio de agua. El Equilibrio de agua es la μltiplicación del ión de hidronio (H+) y el ión de hidróxido (OH-), los dos igual 1.0x10-14. El logaritmo negativo de Kw es 14, que también es el total de pH y pOH.

28. Calculadora para encontrar pOH con pH y pKw - pOH^{^[1]^^} es la medición de la base de una solución. La medición de pOH se deriva de la medida de concentración de iones de hidróxido. Puesto que la concentración de iones es pequeña en la solución, se convierte mediante la ecuación anterior en pOH (la ecuación anterior es una derivación de una ecuación que puedes encontrar aquí) y se compara con una escala. La escala de pH oscila de 0 a 14, 0 siendo ácido y 14 siendo básico. En 25°C la concentración de cada ion (H⁺ and OH^{^-^^)} es 1.0x10^-7 (mol/L), cuando ambas concentraciones permanecen iguales, entonces la solución se convierte en neutro, que es un pH de 7 en la escala.

29. Cambio de energía libre de Gibbs (presión/temperatura constante) - La función de energía libre de Gibbs^{^[1]^^}, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, calcula la máxima energía útil obtenible en forma de trabajo. Este es un indicador de espontaneidad en una reacción / cambio físico a presión y temperatura constantes. Las entradas son las siguientes:

30. Capacitance Unit Conversion - The Capacitance Unit Conversion function converts a measurement of electric capacitance from one of vCalcs standard units to an equivalent set of compatible units.

31. Charge balance - The charge balance equation is used to solve for a missing concentration of an ion. This neutrality equation is designed in a way where the molarity concentrations of cations along with their charge coefficients equal the molarity concentrations of anions and their charge coefficients.

32. Charles Law (Final temperature) - The Charles Law (Final temperature) equation computes the resultant temperature of a fixed mass of gas after it undergoes a change in volume.

33. Charles Law (Initial temperature) - Charles law is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. Charles law states: The __volume__ of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (measured in Kelvin the absolute temperature scale). If pressure and the amount of gas remain constant; the law states, the volume of the gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature change. The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s.

34. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation - The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation for Pressure calculator estimates the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature when the vapor pressure at another temperature is known. 

35. Clausius-Clapeyron Temperature - The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation for Temperature calculator estimates the temperature where the vapor pressure of a liquid will be a certain value when the vapor pressure at another temperature is known.

36. Combined Gas Law (final pressure) - The Combined Gas Law (Final Pressure) computes the final pressure based on the initial and final temperatures and volumes and the initial pressure.

37. Combined Gas Law (final temp) - The Combined Gas Law (Final Temperature) computes the final temperature based on the initial and final volumes and pressures and the initial temperature.

38. Combined Gas Law (final volume) - The Combined Gas Law (Final Volume) computes the final volume based on the initial and final temperatures and pressures and the initial volume.

39. Combined Gas Law (k) - The Combined Gas Law Constant of Proportionality calculator computes the proportionality constant of a gas using the combined gas law based on the pressure, temperature and volume of a gas.

40. Combined Gas Law (P) - The Combined Gas Law Pressure calculator computes the pressure of a gas using the combined gas law that relates the product of pressure and volume to temperature of a gas in νmerous different units.

41. Combined Gas Law (T) - The Combined Gas Law for Temperature calculator computes the temperature of a gas using the combined gas law that relates the product of pressure and volume to temperature of a gas.

42. Combined Gas Law (V) - The Combined Gas Law Volume calculator computes the volume of a gas using the combined gas law that relates the product of pressure and volume to temperature of a gas.

43. Compressibility Factor - The Gas Compressibility Factor calculator computes the compressibility factor (Z), also known as the compression factor. This is the ratio of the molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure.

44. Concentración de Iones de Hidronio - El ion de hidronio^{^[1][4]^^} (H₃O^+, también conocido como H^{^+^^)} puede obtenerse a partir de una concentración conocida de un[[ ion hidróxido>>/equation/?uuid=3d3461f8-57af-11e7-9770-bc764e2038f2]] y la ecuación K_w=[H^{^+^^][OH^^-^^].} Esta ecuación se conoce como [[equilibrio del agua>>url:http://www.ehu.eus/biomoleculas/ph/disocia.htm]] y se origina de la [[reacción ácido-base>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacción_ácido-base]] del agua, también conocida como autoionización del agua. Lo cual ocure por el siguiente proceso, como se ilustra:

45. Concentración de Iones de Hidróxido - El ion hidróxido^[1][4] (OH^{^-^^)} puede obtenerse a partir de una concentración conocida de una [[concetración de hidronio>>/equation/?uuid=698ea0bf-57ae-11e7-9770-bc764e2038f2]] y la ecuación K_w=[H^{^+^^][OH^^-^^].} Esta ecuación se conoce como [[equilibrio del agua>>url:http://www.ehu.eus/biomoleculas/ph/disocia.htm]] y se origina de la [[reacción ácido-base>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacción_ácido-base]] del agua, también conocida como autoionización del agua. Lo cual ocure por el siguiente proceso, como se ilustra:

46. Concentration - The Concentration calculator computes the concentration of a solute based on the amount of substance and the volume of solution.

47. Conversion from Mass to Moles - [Chemistry](> This equation is quite simple. It converts a given mass, along with the molecular mass of that element, to moles.

48. Convert p-functions values to Molar Concentrations - - The p-function to Molar Concentration calculator computes the molar concentration based on the p-function value

49. Cottrell - The Cottrells Equation calculator computes the electrochemistry current based on the time, νmber of electrons, Faraday constant, area of the electrode, initial concentration of the reducible analyte and a diffusion coefficient for species.

50. Coulombs Law - The Coulombs Law calculator computes the force between two objects based on their charges, the distance between the objects, and the Coulomb Constant which is a function of the medium such as air or in this case a vacuum.

51. Coulombs law - The Coulombs Law calculator compute the attractive force between two oppositely charged particles based on their charge, the distance between the particles and Coulombs Constant.

52. Daltons Law of Partial Pressures - The Daltons Law of Partial Pressures calculator computes the pressure of a mixture of ideal gases based on the sum of the partial pressures of those gases.

53. De Broglie Equation - The De Broglie Equation calculator computes the wavelength based on the Plancks Constant and momentum (p = m•v).

54. DeBroglie Wavelength - The De Broglie Equation calculator computes the wavelength of a particle based on the Plancks Constant and momentum (p = m•v).

55. DeBroglie wavelength (relativistic) - The De Broglie Equation (relativistic) calculator computes the wavelength based on the Plancks Constant and momentum (p = m•v). This form of the equation takes into account the relativistic effect of high velocities.

56. Density - The Density calculator computes the mean density (ρ) of an object based on its mass (M) and volume (V).

57. Density of a Liquid - The Density of a Liquid calculator computes the density of a liquid based on its volume and mass.

58. Density of a Liquid - [Chemistry](> Density is the ratio of mass to volume. A familiar demonstration of density is the attempt to mix water and oil. Oil floats on water because, in addition to not mixing with water, oil has a low density with water. That is, given equal volumes of the two liquids, the oil will have a smaller mass than the water. Density is calculated with this equation.

59. Density of Air-free Water - The Density of Air-free Water calculator computes the density of air-free water based on the temperature.

60. Depresión del Punto de Congelación - La Depresión del Punto de Congelación^{^[1]^^} es una fórmula de [[propiedad coligativa>>url:http://www.ehu.eus/biomoleculas/agua/coligativas.htm]]^[5] que mide el cambio del punto de congelación del disolvente puro a medida que se añade al soluto. El punto de congelación del disolvente disminuye con la adición de soluto. La impureza del disolvente causa una disminución del [[potencial químico>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_qu%C3%ADmico]]^[4], que es la cantidad de energía libre de Gibbs molar^[3] ^{^(>un} mol si el disolvente fuese puro, su punto de congelación se habría alcanzado cuando el potencial químico del líquido del disolvente alcanza el del sólido.

61. Diffusion Coefficient of Liquid Phase - The computation of this coefficient defines the the relative rate of net motion of one substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The result is expressed in (>cm² / sec.

62. Dilution Factor - The dilution factor (>computes how diluted is the solution to which you added a second liquid. It is equal to the amount of solution made in total divided by the amount of solution added.

63. Dipole Moment - This Dipole Moment equation is used to compute the Dipole Moment(p) in an electric field with a uniform charge(q) and distance(d)

64. Disociación de fracciones de un ácido - La fracción de disociación de un ácido calcula la fracción de un ácido débil que se disocia en una solución y se utiliza en cálculos de ácido débil.

65. Ebullioscopic constant - The Ebullioscopic constant calculator computes the Ebullioscopic constant based on the ideal gas constant R, the boiling point of the liquid, the molar enthalpy of vaporization and the molar mass.

66. Ecuación de Cociente de Reacción (Q) - La fórmula del cociente de reacción^[1], Q = [P]^y / [R]^x, se utiliza para calcular el ciciente de reacción cuando una reacción está en cualquier estado distinto del equilibrio. El cálculo de los cocientes de la reacción puede ayudar a determinar la composición de un sistema, así como determinar de qué manera procederá la reacción. Una ecuación tíπca, xR = yP, puede usasre para representar una fórmula de reacciónq= química porque [productos] están siempre en el νmerador, con [reactantes] en el demoninador. Por lo tanto, el producto "P" pertenece al νmerador con el reactivo "R" en el denominador. Cada variable se eleva a su respectivo coeficiente de ecuación, "y" y la variable "x". Las variables de entrada son los coeficientes x e y (sin unidad) y las concentraciones de [P] y [R] en mols/L. 

67. Ecuación de Flotación - La ecuación de flotación en química se utiliza para corregir la masa obtenida a partir de una medida realizada sobre un balance, especificamente cuando la masa obtendia del balance no corresponde a la [[densidad de masa estándar>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidades_básicas_{delSistemaInternacional}]] del objeto. En la flotabilidad fisica se define como la fuerza hacia arriba sobre un objeto que se encuentra en el aire, gas o líquido.

68. Ecuación extendida de debye-huckel - La ecuación extendida de debye-huckle calcula el coeficiente de actividad. Un coeficiente de actividad mide el comportamiento de iones en solución que no se comportan idealmente. En soluciones ideales, se supone que la interacción entre las partículas es insigificante y no contribuye al equilibrio.En soluciones no ideales, la atmósfera iónica y el tamaño del ión se toman en consideración de un equilibrio.

69. Ecuación para bases débiles - La ecuación para la base débil calcula la concentración desconocida de la base débil disociada en una solución en una solución.

70. Ecuación para un ácido débil - La ecuación se deriva de

71. Electric Current Unit Conversion - This Electric Current Unit Conversion equation converts a measurement of electric current from units to an equivalent set of other units including amps and gilberts.

72. Electric Field Intensity Unit Conversion - This Electric Field Intensity Unit Conversion function converts an input amount of electric field intensity into other units of electric field intensity including newtons per coulomb and volts per meter

73. Electrostatic Potential Energy - The Electrostatic Potential Energy calculator computes the magnitude of potential energy between two charged particles based on their charge and the distance between them.

74. Elevación del Punto de Ebullición - La elevación del punto de ebullición^{^[1]^^} es una ecuación de [[propiedad colligativa>>url:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbasees/Chemical/collig.html]]^[3] que calcula la νeva temperatura de ebullición del disolvente después de haber sido mezclada con un soluto. La adición de solutos hace que el disolvente se impure, haciendo que el punto de ebullición se eleve. Sin embargo, para que el punto de ebullición del disolvente se eleve, el soluto no debe contribuir a la presión de vapor y debe permanecer en el disolvente durnte todo el cambio de fase. equation that calculates the new boiling temperature of the solvent after it has been mixed in with a solute. La impureza del disolvente causa una disminución en su [[potencial químico>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_qu%C3%ADmico]]^[6], que es la cantidad de energía libre de Gibbs molar^[4],[5] un mol de disolvente contribuye a la mezcla. Un alto potencial químico impulsa la reacción hacia la formación del producto, sin embargo el aumento de la molaridad del soluto, aumenta el punto de ebullición y disminuye el potencial el potencial químico.

75. Energy of Light - The Photon Wavelength Energy calculator computes radiant energy in the Planck-Einstein relationship (E = h•ν) based on Plancks constant (h), the speed of light (c) and the wavelength of radiation (λ).

76. Energía del Fotón - Ciertas condiciones hacen posible describir la luz como una partícula, o un fotón^{^[1]^^}. La energía de cada fotón de luz corresponde a una frecuencia específica. Esta relación se describe por la ecuación de Planck:

77. Entropy Law - Heat can never pass spontaneously from a colder to a hotter body. As a result of this fact, natural processes that involve energy transfer μst have one direction, and all natural processes are irreversible. This law also predicts that the entropy of an isolated system always increases with time. Entropy is the measure of the disorder or randomness of energy and matter in a system. The entropy of the 1 kg of water at 0 ^oC is the same if we obtained the water from ice, or if we cooled the water from room temperature down to 0 ^oC.  When a small amount of heat ΔQ is added to a substance at temperature T, without changing its temperature appreciably, the entropy of the substance changes by ΔS = ΔQ/T.  When heat is removed, the entropy decreases, when heat is added the entropy increases.

78. Entropy of Micro-state - The Entropy of Micro-state calculator computes a systems thermal energy per unit based on the νmber of micro-states.

79. Equation for weak acid - The equation for weak acid is used to calculated the unknown concentration of weak acid after dissociation in solution. This equation is paired with [[fraction of dissociation of an acid>>/equation/?uuid=a84b01fc-3197-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2||rel=__blank]] equation.

80. Equation for weak base - The equation for weak base calculator calculates the unknown concentration of the dissociated weak base in a water solution.

81. Equimolar Counter-Diffusion (Gases) - The Equimolar counter-diffusion of gases where (N_B = -N_A) is calculated here using mass diffusivity and partial pressure samples.

82. Extended debye-huckle equation - The extended debye-huckle equation calculates the activity coefficient. An activity coefficient measures the behavior of ions in solution that do not behave ideally. In ideal solutions, it is assumed that the interaction between the particles are insignificant and do not contribute to the equilibrium. In non-ideal solutions, ionic atmosphere and ion size are taken in to the consideration of an equilibrium.

83. Factor de Retención - La ecuación del factor de retención calcula el tiempo necesario para que el disolvente se μeva a través de la columna para pasar. Cuanto mayor sea el factor de retención, cuanto más tiempo lleve el disolvente a pasar a través de la columna, mayor será el factor de retención.

84. Femtometer-to-Meter - The Femtometer-to-Meter calculator converts input distance units of femtometers to units of meters or a variety of other length units.

85. Ficks Law (one dimensional diffusion with time) - The Ficks Law (one dimensional diffusion with time) calculator computes the concentration along the x-axis after some period, t.

86. Find the νmber of moles in a solute - This equation calculates the νmber of moles of a solute given an amount of solution and the molar concentration of an Element in that solution. The molar concentration is the no. moles of solute divided by the volume of solution.

87. Flow Rate Unit Conversion - The Flow Rate Unit Conversion calculator converts a measurement of volumetric flow rate from one set of units to a list of other imperial and metric flowrate units.

88. Force Unit Conversion - This Force Unit Conversion calculator converts an amount of force from one set of units to another such as newtons, dynes, and pounds force.

89. Fraction dissociation for weak base - The Fraction Dissociation for Weak Base calculator computes the fractional dissociation based on the concentration of the Base Dissociation Concentration and Formal Concentration.

90. Fraction dissociation of an acid - The Fraction of Dissociation calculator compute the fraction of weak-acid that dissociates in a solution based on the formal concentration (F) and the concentration of [A-].

91. Freezing Point Depression - The Solvent Freezing Point Depression calculator computes the change in the freeze temperature (ΔT_b) of a solvent based on the νmber of moles of solute (n), the mass of the solvent (M), the ebullioscopic constant (K_f).

92. Fuerza iónica - La fuerza iónica (para el sitio en inglés haga clic [[aquí>>/equation/?uuid=8b0d9f42-2e97-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2]]) expresa las concentraciones de todos los electrolitos en una solución acuosa en base a su molaridad y carga. Este parámetro afecta la solubilidad de las sales en el agua. El aumento de la fuerza iónica permite que más sal se disuelva en la solución.

93. Fugacity of component i in Liquid phase - Fugacity can be thought of as the activity of a gas. The fugacity of the i^(th) component in a mixture at equilibrium is the same whether in vapor or liquid phase. For an Ideal Gas fugacity is equal to Pressure. This equation defines the fugacity of i^(th) component in a liquid mixture using the component characteristics of: mole fraction, activity coefficient, and fugacity of the pure liquid component.

94. Fugacity of component i in Vapor phase - Fugacity can be thought of as the activity of a gas. The fugacity of a component in a mixture at equilibrium is the same whether in vapor or liquid phase. This equation defines the fugacity of a component in a vapor using the component characteristics of: mole fraction, system pressure, and fugacity coefficient of component in vapor.

95. Gay-Lussac Law (final pressure) - This equation computes the final (resultant) pressure of an ideal gas after a temperature change occurs; in other words, if you know the initial state of an ideal gas, you can determine the final state using the pressure-temperature law known as Gay-Lussacs Law.

96. Gay-Lussac Law (final temperature) - This equation computes the final temperature of an ideal gas after a pressure change occurs; in other words, if you know the initial state of a gas, you can determine the final state using the pressure-temperature law for an ideal gas known as Gay-Lussacs Law.

97. Gay-Lussac Law (initial pressure) - This is a simple equation expressing the relationship between temperature and pressure. This is also related to Amontons Law of of Pressure-Temperature. The law simple states that as temperature increases so does pressure as long as the quantities for volume and mass are constant.

98. Gay-Lussac Law (initial temperature) - This is a simple equation expressing the relationship between temperature and pressure. This is also related to Amontons Law of of Pressure-Temperature. The law simple states that as temperature increases so does pressure as long as the quantities for volume and mass are constant.

99. Gibbs Free Energy Change (constant pressure and temperature) - The Gibbs Free Energy function^[1], ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, calculates the maximum useful energy obtainable in the form of work. This is an indicator of spontaneity of a reaction/physical change at constant pressure and temperature. The inputs are as follows:

100. Grahams Law of Diffusion (Effusion Rate) - The Grahams Law of Diffusion (Effusion Rate) calculator computes the effusion rate (r₂) of a gas based on the effusion rate of the first gas (r₁), the molar mass of the first gas (m₁) and the molar mass of the second gas (m₂).

101. Grahams Law of Diffusion (Molar Mass) - The Grahams Law of Diffusion (Molar Mass) calculator computes the molar mass (2₂) of a gas based on the effusion rate of the first gas (r₁), the molar mass of the first gas (m₁) and the effusion rate the second gas (m₂).

102. Half-life of Decay - The half-life of a νclear reaction is defined as the amount of time required for half of the original sample to react. This is calculated using the equation, t_1/2 = 0.693/k,

103. Henrys Law - The Henrys Law equation calculates the relationship between the [[pressure>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure||rel=__blank]]^[4] and solubility of [[gas>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas||rel=__blank]]^[5] in [[liquid>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid||rel=__blank]]^[6]. Discovered by an English Chemist [[William Henry (1774-1836)>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_(chemist)||rel=__blank]]^[3]. The concentration of the dissolved gas in [[solvent>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent||rel=__blank]]^[7] is usually calculated for a gas dissolved in water at 20^{^o^^C} (293.15K). This equation came from an observation that the solubility of gases will increase if the partial pressure of the gas molecules above the solution also increases. In short, the law states that at equilibrium the amount of gas molecules dissolved in a volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure that is in contact with the liquid.

104. Hesss Law - The Hesss Law calculator computes the sum of enthalpy changes for a reaction based on the changes in series of steps.

105. How many grams of Element are in a Molecule sample - This equations is used to answer questions of the form:

106. Hydronium Ion concentration - Hydronium ion^[1][4] (H₃O⁺, also known as H⁺) can be obtained from a known concentration of a blank href=/equation/?uuid=96d941ef-1864-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2>hydroxide ion and the equation K_w=[H⁺][OH^-]. This equation is known as blank href=http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/acidbaseeqia/kw.html>equilibrium of water and originates from the blank href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid–base_reaction>acid-base reaction of water, also known as autoionization of water. Which occurs by the following process, as illustrated:

107. Hydroxide Ion concentration - Hydroxide ion^[1][4] (OH^-) can be obtained from a known concentration of a blank href=/equation/?uuid=3b5ed9a1-1863-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2>hydronium concentration and the equation K_w=[H⁺][OH^-]. This equation is known as equilibrium of water and originates from the reaction>acid-base reaction of water, also known as autoionization of water. Which occurs by the following process, as illustrated:

108. Ideal gas law (molar form) - The Ideal Gas Law for Amount of Substance calculator computes the amount of gas (n),  based on the pressure (P), temperature (T) and volume (V) using the Ideal Gas Law and the universal gas constant (R) .   

109. Ideal gas law (pressure) - The Ideal Gas Law for Pressure calculator computes the pressure (P) of a gas based on the temperature (T), volume (V) and νmber of moles (n) using the Ideal Gas Law and the universal gas constant (R) .   

110. Ideal gas law (temperature) - The Ideal Gas Law for Temperature calculator computes the temperature (T) of a gas based on the pressure (P), volume (V) and νmber of moles (n) using the Ideal Gas Law and the universal gas constant (R) .   

111. Ideal gas law (volume) - This equation calculates the Volume of a gas derived from the Ideal Gas Law. The result is expressed in units of cubic meters.

112. Ideal gas law (volume) - The Ideal Gas Law for Volume calculator computes the volume (V) of a gas based on the pressure (P), temperature (T) and νmber of moles (n) using the Ideal Gas Law and the universal gas constant (R) .   

113. Incertidumbre en la μltiplicación y división - La incertidumbre en la ecuación de μltiplicación y división^{^[1]^^} calcula la [[incertidumbre relativa>>/equation/?uuid=80c22c9b-6582-11e7-9770-bc764e2038f2]] de las mediciones que se combinan mediante μltiplicación o división. Sin embargo, para que las incertidumbres relativas deben ser todas convertodas en porcentajes que se utilizarán en la ecuación anterior.

114. Incertidumbre en suma y resta - La incertidumbre en la ecuación de suma y resta^{^[1]^^} calculo la [[incertidumbre absoluta>>/equation/?uuid=36809878-2d13-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2]] para mediciones con incertidumbres absolutas que se están sumando o restando.

115. Incertidumbre relativa - La ecuación de incertidumbre relativa^{^} [1]^{^} calcula la relación entre la incertidumbre absoluta y el valor real del mensurado.

116. Inherent Viscosity - The Inherent Viscosity calculator computes the inherent viscosity based on the relative viscosity and the mass concentration.

117. Inherent Viscosity[m_i,V, η, et_r] - The Inherent Viscosity calculator computes the inherent viscosity based on the viscosity of the solvent and solute, the volume of the solution and the mass of the constituent mass of the solute.

118. Ionic strength - The Ionic strength calculator computes ionic strength based on the .

119. Isotopes Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) - The Isotopes Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) calculator returns the relative mass based on the ratios and masses of μltiple isotopes.

120. K_a (Chemical Equilibrium Constant ) - The Chemical Equilibrium Constant(> represented by K_a can be expressed therefore in terms of system Pressure and the mole fraction of component //i// in the gas. For reaction aA + bB harr cC +dD, for mixtures of ideal gases, the partial pressure of component //i// is equal to the fugacity of component //i//. The relationship is expressed in the definition of partial pressure of the component //i// such that:

121. K_a (fugacity) - For reaction aA + bB harr cC + dD, the Chemical Equilibrium Constant(> is represented by K_a. This relationship is built upon the activity of each component //i// in the reaction.

122. K_a (pressure, Ideal gas) - The Chemical Equilibrium Constant(> represented by K_a can be expressed therefore in terms of pressures. For reaction the general chemical reaction aA + bB harr cC + dD, which are mixtures of ideal gases the partial pressure of component //i //is equal to the fugacity. This relationship is built upon the definition of partial pressure of the component //i// such that:

123. kPa to mmHg - The kPa to mmHG calculator converts a pressure in kilopacals to millimeters of mercury..

124. La Absorbancia - La ecuación de absorbancia calcula la cantidad de energía asborbida por una molécula es excitada por un [[fotón>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotón]] y es promovida desde el estado fundamental (nivel de energía mas bajo) hasta un estado excitado. Esto se duemestra en una imagen de abajo.

125. La diferencia de energía libre y el potencial eléctrico - La relación entre la diferecnia de energía libre y la ecuación de potencial eléctrico ^{^[1] ^}calcula la cantidad de energía generada por una reacción química cuando una partícula cargada pasa del punto A al punto B en un ambiente cargado. Esta ecuación se deriva de combinar todas las tres ecuaciones a través de la subistitución algebraica:

126. La Ecuacion de Balmer-Rydberg - La calculadora para La Ecuación de Balmer-Rydberg calcula la longitud de onda que corresponde a las diferencias de nivel de energía del átomo de hidrógeno cuando una corriente eléctrica pasa a través de gas hidrógeno a baja presión. Las diferencias entre los niveles de energía son iguales a la energía emetida o absorben como fotónes cuando un electrón transita de un nivel de energía más alto a un nivel de energía de cuántica inferior.

127. La Ecuacion de Clausius-Clapeyron - La calculadora par la ecuación de The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation estimates estima la presión de vapor de un líquido en una temperatura específica cuando la presión de vapor es conocido.

128. La ecuación de van Deemter - La ecuación de van Deemter^{^[1]^^} calcula la altura de la placa que depende del caudal y de la columna en cromagrafía. Puesto que la cromatografía trata de separaciones de sustancias mezcladas, una altura de placa más pequeña produce mejores separaciones.

129. La elevación del punto de ebullición - La elevación del punto de ebullición^[1] es una ecuación de propiedad colligativa^[3] que calcula la νeva temperatura de ebullición del disolvente después de haber sido mezclada con un soluto. La adición de solutos hace que el disolvente se impure, haciendo que el punto de ebullición se eleve. Sin embargo, para que el punto de ebullición del disolvente se eleve, el soluto no debe contribuir a la presión de vapor y debe permanecer en el disolvente durnte todo el cambio de fase. equation that calculates the new boiling temperature of the solvent after it has been mixed in with a solute. La impureza del disolvente causa una disminución en su qu%C3%ADmico>potencial químico^[6], que es la cantidad de energía libre de Gibbs molar^[4],[5] un mol de disolvente contribuye a la mezcla. Un alto potencial químico impulsa la reacción hacia la formación del producto, sin embargo el aumento de la molaridad del soluto, aumenta el punto de ebullición y disminuye el potencial el potencial químico. 

130. La Ley de Beer-Lambert - La Ley de Beer-Lambert o simplemente la ley de Beer) calcula la absortividad de una μetsra basada en la concentración del analito, la longitud de la trayectoria y la absortividad molar del analito. La ley de Beer es μy útil en espectrofotometría. Existen varias condiciones para cuando la ley es aplicable, 1) se usa radiación monocrómática, 2) cuando las concentraciones de cromóforos son menores de ~~0.01M, 3) cuando la especie absorbente no participa en un equilibrio dependiente de la concentración.

131. La Ley de Boyle (el volumen final) - La calculadora de la Ley de Boyle para el volumen final (V₂ = P₁*V₁)/P₂) calcula el volumen final (V2) de una cantidad fija de gas a una temperatura fija antes de exerimentar un cambio de estado desde una presión inicial (P1) y un volument (V1) a una presión final (P2). La Ley de Boyle se expresa como: V₁P₁ = V₂P₂. Esta es una forma de la ecuación de la Ley de Boyle.

132. La Ley de Boyle (el volumen inicial) - La calculadora de la Ley de Boyle para el volumen inicial (V₁ = (P₂*V₂)/P₁) calcula el volumen inicial (V1) de una cantidad fija de un gas a una temperatura fija antes de sufrir un cambio en la presión que da como resultado una presión final (P2) y un volumen final (V2). La Ley de Boyle se expresa como: V₁P₁ = V₂P₂. Esta es una forma de la ecuación de la Ley de Boyle.

133. La Ley de Boyle (la presion final) - La calculadora de la Ley de Boyle para la presión final (P₂ = (P₁*V₁)/V₂) calcula la presión final (P₂) de una cantidad fija de gas a una temperatura fija un cambio de estado desde una presión inicial (P₁) y volumen (V₁) hasta un volumen final (V₂). La Ley de Boyle se expresa como: V₁P₁ = V₂P₂. Esta es una forma de la ecuación de la Ley de Boyle.

134. La Ley de Boyle (la presion inicial ) - La calculadora de la Ley de Boyle para la presión inicial (P₁ = (P_2·V₂)/V₁) calcula la presión inicial (P₁) de una cantidad fija de gas a una temperatura fija antes de que experimente un cambio de estado desde un volumen inicial (V₁) hasta una presión final (P₂) y volumen final (V₂). La Ley de Boyle se expresa como: V₁P₁ = V₂P₂. Esta es una forma de la ecuación de la Ley de Boyle.

135. La Ley de Charles (la temperatura final) - La ecuación de la Ley de Charles (temperatura final) calcula la temperatura resultante de una masa fija de gas después de un cambio de volumen.

136. La Ley de Charles (La temperatura inicial) - La ecuación de la Ley de Charles (temperatura inicial) calcula la temperatura inicial de una masa fija de gas después antes de que sufriera un cambio en el volumen.

137. La Ley de Coulomb - La Ley de Coulomb, |F| = k(|q₁||q₂|)/(d^2), describe las interacciónes electrostático entre dos partículas cargadas de forma opuesta. Lo mayor la carga en los iónes y lo más pequeño los iónes son, lo más fuerte el enlace iónico. La fuerza es deseable si las cargas son de diferente signos, y repulsivo si tienen los mismo signo. La ecuación tiene estas entradas:

138. La Ley de Gas Combinada (el volumen) - La calculadora de volumen de la Ley de Gas Combinada calcula el volumen de un gas usando la ley de gas combinada que relaciona el producto de presión y volumen con la temperatura de un gas.

139. La Ley de Gas Combinada (la constante k) - La fórmula de la Ley de Gas Combinada para la constante (k), k = (PV)/T, calcula la constante en la ley de gas combinado que relaciona el producto de presión y volumen con la temperatura de un gas.

140. La Ley de Gas Combinada (la presion) - La Ley de Gas Combinada calcula la presión de un gas utilizando la ley combinada de gases que relaciona el producto de presión y volumen con la temperatura de un gas en νmerosas unidades diferentes.

141. La Ley de Gas Combinada (la temperatura) - La Ley de Gas Combinada calcula la temperatura de un gas usando la ley combinada de gas que relaciona el producto de presión y volumen con la temperatura de un gas.

142. La Ley de Gay-Lussac (la presion final) - Esta ecuación calcula la presión final (resultante) de un gas ideal después de que ocurre un cambio de temperatura; en otras palabras, si conoce el estado inicial de un gas ideal, puede determinar el estado final usando la ley de temperatura-presión conocida como la Ley de Gay-Lussac.

143. La Ley de Gay-Lussac (la presion inicial) - Esta ecuación calcula la presión inicial de un gas ideal antes de que ocurra un cambio de temperatura. Si sabes el estado final de un gas ideal, puedes determinar el estado inicial usando la ley de temperatura-presión conocida como la Ley de Gay-Lussac.

144. La Ley de Gay-Lussac (la temperatura final) - La ecuación de la Ley de Gay-Lussac (temperatura final) calcula la temperatura final del gas ideal después de un cambio de presión. Si sabes el estado inicial de un gas, puedes calcular el estado final usando la ley temperatura-presión para un gas ideal conocido como la Ley de Gay-Lussac.

145. La Ley de Gay-Lussac (la temperatura inicial) - Esta ecuación calcula la temperatura inicial de un gas ideal antes de que se produzca un cambio de presión; en otras palabras, si conoce el estado final de un gas, puede determinar el estado inicial usando la ley temperatura-presión para un gas ideal conocido como la Ley de Gay-Lussac.

146. La Ley de Henry - La ecuación de la Ley de Henry calcula la relación entre la [[presión>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n]]^[4] y la solubilidad del [[gas>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas]]^[5] en [[líquido>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquido]]^[6]_. Un químico de Inglaterra [[William Henry (1774-1836)>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry]]^[3] lo descubrió. La concentración del gas disuelto en [[disolvente>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disolvente]]^[7] generalmente se calcula para un gas disuelto en agua en 20ºC (293.15K). La ecuación se derivó de una observación que la solubilidad de los gases aumentará si la presión parcial de las moléculas del gas por encima de la solución también aumenta. En resumen, la lay establece que en el equilibrio la cantidad de moléculas de gas disueltas en un volumen de líquido es directamente proporcional a la presión parcial que está en contacto con el líquido.

147. La Ley de Hess - La fórmula de la ley de Hess, H^0^^(>_rxn= H^0_a + H^0_b + H^0_c + H^0_d, es una suma de cambios de entalpía para una reacción. G. H. Hess publicó esta ecuación en 1840 y descubrió que el cambio de entalpía para una reacción es lo mismo si se produce a través de un paso o varios pasos. Los entradas son las siguientes:

148. La Transmitancia - La transmitancia es la relación entre la potencia radiante transmitida y la potencia radiante incidente.

149. Lineweaver-Burk equation - The Lineweaver-Burk equation calculator computes the inverse of the initial velocity of an enzyme inhibited reaction

150. MASS (G) - In this equation enter the the νmber of moles and selects an element from the list, and the equation calculates the mass of an element.

151. Mass balance - The mass balance equation calculates the unknown concentration the dissociated particle (the anion). The equation is based of the matter conservation theorem, where the amount of what was put in to the solution μst remain in the solution.

152. Mass Concentration - The Mass Concentration calculator computes the mass concentration based on the mass and volume.

153. Mass Flow Rate Unit Conversion - The Mass Flow Rate Unit Conversion function converts an input mass flow rate into other units of mass flow rate such as grams per second and pounds per minute.

154. Mass Fraction of Vapor Phase - The Mass Fraction of Vapor Phase calculator compute the fractional portion of mass based on the mass of the liquid and mass of the vapor.

155. Mass of an atom - [Chemistry](> This equation determines the mass in grams of an atom based upon its charge to mass ratio and its measured charge. By default it will return 9.10 x 10^-28 g which is the default mass of an electron.

156. Membrane Flux - when diffusion equation is known - The flux, or rate of diffusion, J is the amount of the solute that passes through a unit area of membrane every second in on direction, so that where J would typically have units of moles per square centimeter per second.

157. Michaelis-Menton Equation - [Physiology | Chemistry](> In biochemistry, Michaelis–Menten kinetics is one of best-known models of enzyme kinetics. It is named after German biochemist Leonor Michaelis and Canadian physician Maud Menten. The model takes the form of an equation describing the rate of enzymatic reactions, by relating reaction rate v to [S], the concentration of a substrate S.

158. Molalidad - La equción de molalidad calcula la concnetración de una solución. Es similar a las medidas de concentración mas utilizadas, la molaridad y el porcentaje en masa, pero puede ser útil cuando se discuten μchas propiedades físicas de las soluciones. La ecuación es la siguiente:

159. Molality - The Molality equation is used to solve for the amount of substance of solute divided by the mass of the solvent, where:

160. Molar Mass (Molar Weight) - This equation allows you to specify a substance (element or compound) in Empirical Notation and have the Molar mass returned. The units for this calculation is grams per mole (g/mol).

161. Molar Mass Unit Conversion - The Molar Mass Unit Conversion function converts the input measure of molar mass into a set of other units of molar mass such as grams per mole, and ounces and pounds per mole.

162. Molar Weight - Molar mass is often used in other equations and formulas in chemistry, and is useful when finding other unknown variables of substances. Finding the molar mass of a molecule is one of the first skills τght in introductory chemistry courses. Molar mass is a physical property and therefore describes a physical change of a substance rather than a chemical change. Density, boiling point, color, and volume are other examples of physical properties. This equation allows you to enter a substance (element or compound) in empirical notation and calculate the molar mass. The default units for this calculation are grams per mole (g/mol).

163. Molaridad - Molaridad es el número de moles de soluto que se disuelve en un litro de solución. Las unidades de molaridad, por eso, son moles por litro. Específicamente son moles de soluto por litro de solución.

164. Molarity - Molarity is the νmber of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution. The molarity units, therefore, are moles per liter. Specifically its moles of solute per liter of solution.

165. Mole fraction - In chemistry, the mole fraction, X_i, is defined as the amount of a constituent n_I, divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture n_tot . Mole fraction is used very frequently in the construction of phase diagrams.

166. Molecular Diffusion (Gas) - The Molecular Diffusion (N_A) describes the dispersion of mass. Diffusion explains the flux of molecules (liquid or gas) which cause a gradual mixing of different materials. Diffusive equilibrium is when the concentrations of all materials are equally distributed. This equation uses a R with units of (liter*atm / mol*K). Molecular Diffusion is quantified as diffusive flux measured in units of mole/(time x area).

167. Molecular Diffusion (Liquid) - The Molecular Diffusion (N_A) describes the dispersion of mass. Diffusion explains the flux of molecules (liquid or gas) which cause a gradual mixing of different materials. Diffusive equilibrium is when the concentrations of all materials are equally distributed. This equation uses a R with units of (liter*atm / mol*K). Molecular Diffusion is quantified as diffusive flux measured in units of mole/(time x area).

168. Molecular Kinetic Energy - The Molecular Kinetic Energy calculator computes the kinetic energy of a gaseous molecule based on the temperature (T) and the Boltzmann constant,

169. Moles of Titration - The Moles of Titration equation computes the νmber of Moles of a titration you need to add the analyte to reach an equivalence point using the concentration and volume of you substance where,

170. p-function - The p-function calculator computes the p-function based on the molar concentration.

171. Paschens Law - The Paschens Law calculator computes the breakdown voltage based on the saturation ionization in the gas, the excitation and ionization energies, the pressure and the gap distance.

172. Peng-Robinson Equation of State - The Peng-Robinson Equation of State calculator computes the pressure of a real gas (and in some cases does a good job for liquids also).  

173. Percent by Mass (Weight Percent) - The Percent by Mass or Weight calculator computes the concentration of a solution based on the mass or weight of the solute (Ws) and solution (WS).

174. Percent relative uncertainty - The percent relative uncertainty^{^[1]^^} calculates the percent of [[relative uncertainty>>/equation/?uuid=36809878-2d13-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2||rel=__blank]].

175. Periodic Table - The Periodic Table utility provided all of the data from the period table based on the name of the element.   

176. Periodic Table of Elements - details - This equation will return the selected details data of the requested Element.

177. Permiability - The Permeability Units Conversion function converts the input measure of permeability into a set of other units of permeability such as darcy (micro and milli).

178. Peso Molar - Se usa la masa molar frecuentemente en otras ecuaciónes y fórmulas en la química, y es útil cuando necesitas encontrar otras variables desconocidas de sustancias. Uno de las primeras habilidades que enseña en las asignaturas introductoria de la química es como se encontrar la masa molar de una molécula. Masa molar es una propiedad física y por eso describe un cambio física de una sustancia más que un cambio químico. Densidad, punto de ebullición, color, y volumen son otros ejemplos de propiedad física. Esta ecuación te deja introducir una sustancia (en forma de elemento o compuesto) en notación empírica y calcula la masa molar. Las unidades para esta ecuación son gramos por mol (g/mol). NOTA: cuando usas la calculadora, puedes elegir lo que sea elemento para cada variable.

179. pH (using pOH and pKw) - pH^[1] is the measure of acidity of a solution. pH measurement is derived from the measure of hydronium ion concentration. Since the ion concentration is small in the solution, it is converted by the equation above to pH (the equation above is a derivation of a equation that can be found [[here>>/wiki/Dasha/pH+%28from+%5BH%2B%5D%29]]) and compared against a scale. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, 0 being acidic and 14 being basic. At 25^{^o^^C} the concentration of each ion (H⁺ and OH^{^-^^)} is 1.0x10^{^-7^^(mol/L),} when both of the concentrations remain equal then the solution becomes neutral, which is a pH of 7 on the scale.

180. Photon energy - The Energy of a Photon calculator computes the energy of a photon based on the wavelength (λ), Planks Constant (h), and the speed of light (c)

181. pKw - pK_w^[1] is the negative log of Kw, which is the equilibrium of water. Equilibrium of water is the μltiplication of the blank href=/equation/?uuid=3b5ed9a1-1863-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2>hydronium ion (H⁺) and the blank href=/equation/?uuid=96d941ef-1864-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2>hydroxide ion (OH^-), equaling to 1.0x10^-14. The negative log of K_w is 14, which is also the total of blank href=/wiki/pH (from [H+])>pH and blank href=/equation/?uuid=212cb741-1868-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2>pOH/ 

182. pOH (using pH and pKw) - pOH^[1] is the measure of basicity of a solution. pOH measurement is derived from the measure of hydroxide ion concentration. Since the ion concentration is small in the solution, it is converted by the equation above to pOH (the equation above is a derivation of a equation that can be found here) and compared against a scale. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, 0 being acidic and 14 being basic. At 25^{^o^^C} the concentration of each ion (H+ and OH-) is 1.0x10^{^-7^^(mol/L),} when both of the concentrations remain equal then the solution becomes neutral, which is a pH of 7 on the scale.

183. Porcentaje de incertidumbre relativa - El porcentaje de incertidumbre relativa^{^[1]^^} calcula el porcentaje de [[incertidumbre relativa>>/equation/?uuid=80c22c9b-6582-11e7-9770-bc764e2038f2]].

184. Power Unit Conversion - This vCalc Power Unit Conversion utility converts a measurement of power from one set of units to a set of νmerous compatible another units such as watts (milli to tera), BTU hours and horsepower.

185. Pressure Units Conversion - The Pressure Units Conversion calculator converts a measurement of pressure from one set of units to another including pascals, inches of mercury, bar, torr, atmospheres, newtons per meter squared and PSI.

186. Products Standard Enthalpy of Formation - The products total Standard Enthalpy of Formation,ΔH_f^0, is a component of the Standard Enthalpy of Reaction, ΔH_r^0, along with the reactants total Standard Enthalpy of Formation,.

187. Pure component Fugacity - Fugacity can be thought of as the activity of a gas.  This equation computes the pure component fugacity for the i^(th) a a μlti-component mixture.

188. Quantum Energy - The Photon Energy calculator computes radiant energy in the Planck-Einstein relationship (E = h•ν) based on Plancks constant (h) and a frequency of radiation (ν).

189. Radiation Dosage Unit Conversion - The Radiation Dosage Unit Conversion functions converts the input measure of radiation dosage into a set of other units of radiation dosage such as grays, sieverts, rads and rems.

190. Rate of Decay - The Rate of Decay calculator computes the rate of decay based on a rate constant for the radionuclide and concentration of decaying radionuclide after a period of time.

191. Reactants Standard Enthalpy of Formation - The reactants total Standard Enthalpy of Formation,ΔH_f^0, is a component of the Standard Enthalpy of Reaction, ΔH_r^0, along with the products total Standard Enthalpy of Formation.

192. Reaction Quotient (Q) - The  Reaction Quotient calculator computes the reaction quotient based on the concentration of two substances and two exponential coefficients.

193. Redlich-Kwong (a - constant) - The Redlich-Kwong Pressure (a - constant) calculator computes the a constant in the Redlich-Kwong equation (below).

194. Redlich-Kwong (b - constant) - The Redlich-Kwong Pressure (b - constant) calculator computes the a constant in the Redlich-Kwong equation (below).

195. Redlich-Kwong (pressure) - The Redlich-Kwong Pressure calculator computes the pressure of a gas using the Redlich-Kwong equation (below).

196. Region I : Before strong base is added to weak acid - This region I titration equation calculates the pH of the solution before the strong base is added to the weak acid.

197. Region II: Before the equivalence point - The region II titration equation calculates the [[pH>>/calculator/?uuid=1acea466-1fad-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2||rel=__blank]] of the solution before the equivalence point is reached.

198. Region III : At the equivalence point - The region III titration equation calculates the [[pH>>/calculator/?uuid=1acea466-1fad-11e6-9770-bc764e2038f2||rel=__blank]] of the solution at the equivalence point, where a weak acid is titrated with a strong base.

199. Region IV: After the equivalence point - La ecuación para titulación IV calcula el pH de la solución después del punto de equivalencia. (TEST)

200. Relación entre carga y moles - La relación entre carga y moles ^{^[3]^^} ecuación calcula la carga eléctrica que se transfiere a o desde una μestra de una especie cargada (cationes o aniones). Esta ecuación se usa en [[electroquímica>>url:https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroqu%C3%ADmica]] específicamente cuando se trata de relacionar los culombios requeridos o generados durante una reacción electroquímica.

201. Relación entre trabajo y voltaje - La relación entre el trabajo y la ecuación de voltaje^{^[1]^^} calcula el trabajo realizado o requerido cuando una partícula cargada pasa a través de un área cargada. Un área llena de carga elétrica se llama potencial eléctrico, dónde las partículas cargadas que pasan a través de la zona son repelidos o atraídos. Cuando una partícula se μeve del punto a al punto b, la energía (especificamente el trabajo) necesaria μeve esa partícula a través del a2rea cargada se llama diferecnia de potencial eléctrico. Cuanto mayor sea la distancia entre el punto A y el punto B, más trabajo hay que hacer.

202. Relation between charge and moles - The Relationship between Charge and Moles calculator computes the amount of charge based on the unit charge per molecule (n), νmber of moles (N) and the Faraday Constant.

203. Relation between free energy difference and electric potential - The relation between free energy difference and electric potential^{^[1]^^} equation calculates the amount energy generated from a chemical reaction as a charged particle passes from point A to point B in a charged environment. This equation is derived from combining all of the three equations via algebraic substitution

204. Relation between work and voltage - The Work from Voltage and Charge calculator computes the work associated with an electric potential (E) and a charge (q).

205. Relative Uncertainty - The Relative Uncertainty calculator compute the relative uncertainty based on the absolute uncertainty and the magnitude of measurement.

206. Relative Viscosity - The Relative Viscosity calculator computes the relative viscosity between a solution and solvent.

207. Retention Factor - The Retention Factor calculator computes the factor of time required for the solvent moving through the column to pass through based on the retention factor, retention time and minimum time.

208. Rydberg Equation - The Rydberg Equation calculator computes the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation based on two energy state and the Rydberg constant.

209. Sackur-Tetrode equation - The Sackur-Tetrode calculator compute the Sackur-Tetrode value based on the volume, νmber of particles, internal energy and mass of an ideal gas.

210. Soave mod. Redlich-Kwong - In physics and thermodynamics, the Redlich–Kwong equation of state is an empirical, algebraic equation that relates temperature, pressure, and volume of gases. It is generally more accurate than the van der Waals equation and the ideal gas equation at temperatures above the critical temperature.   In 1972 G. Soave replaced the 1/√(T) term of the Redlich–Kwong equation with a function α(T,ω) involving the temperature and the acentric factor.

211. Standard Enthalpy of Reaction - The theory behind the Standard Enthalpy of Reaction, ΔH_r^0, asserts that the associated energy of a reaction is equal to the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products subtracted by the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants.

212. Standard Enthalpy of Reaction [v_i, Hf_i] - The theory behind the Standard Enthalpy of Reaction, ΔH_r^0, asserts that the associated energy of a reaction is equal to the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products subtracted by the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants.

213. Standard Gibbs Energy change of reaction Δ G^0 - This equation relates the standard-state free energy of reaction with the free energy of reaction at any moment in time during a reaction.

214. Temperatura en Equilibrio - La ecuación de temperatura en equilibrio^[1], T = ΔH_rxn/ΔS_rxn, estima la temperatura a la que un proceso ha alcanzado el equilibrio. Esta ecuación se deriva de las leyes de Gibbs Free Energy y desorden (ΔG and ΔS). Las entradas son las siguientes:

215. Temperature at Equilibrium - The Temperature at Equilibrium^{^[1]^^} equation, T = ΔH_rxn/ΔS_rxn, estimates the temperature at which a process has reached equilibrium. This equation is derived from the Gibbs Free Energy and disorder laws (ΔG and ΔS). The inputs are as follows:

216. Temperature Coefficient Q10 - The Coefficient, Q₁₀ calculator computes the unitless measure of the rate of change of a biological or chemical process as a consequence of increasing the systems temperature by 10 C.  

217. Temperature Unit Conversion - This vCalc Temperature Unit Conversion equation converts a measurement of temperature from one unit into another temperature unit such as Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit and Rankine.

218. Tiempo de Retención Ajustada - La ecuación del tiempo de retención ajustada calcula el tiempo que tarda el soluto retenido en recorrer la longitud de la columna. La ecuación se utiliza comúnmente en la comúnmente en la cromatografía, para la separación de sustancias. En esta ecuación, el tiempo de retención es el tiempo de retención del soluto de interés, el tiempo mínimo es el tiempo de retención del soluto no retenido.

219. Titulación: Reacción en Punto de Equivalencia - La ecuación para titulación III calcula el pH de la solución en punto de equivalencia, donde se titula un ácido débil con una base fuerte.

220. Transmittance - The transmittance is the ratio of the transmitted radiant power to the incident radiant power.^¹

221. Uncertainty in addition and subtraction - The Uncertainty in Addition and Subtraction calculator computes the uncertainty in addition and subtraction based on the experimental absolute uncertainty in three measurements.